43. Ndezvipi zvidziviriro zvekushandisa magirazi emagetsi?
⑴Iyo zero-inogoneka pH kukosha kwegirazi electrode inofanira kunge iri mukati mechikamu chemugadziriso weiyo inofananidzira acidimeter, uye haifanirwe kushandiswa mumhinduro dzisina mvura. Kana girazi regirazi rinoshandiswa kekutanga kana kushandiswa zvakare mushure mekusiiwa risingashandiswe kwenguva yakareba, girobhu regirazi rinofanirwa kunyikwa mumvura yakanyungudutswa kwemaawa anopfuura makumi maviri nemana kuti igadzire hydration layer yakanaka. Usati washandisa, nyatsotarisa kana electrode iri mumamiriro akanaka, girobhu regirazi rinofanira kunge risina kuputika uye mavara, uye iyo yemukati referensi electrode inofanira kunyudzwa mumvura inozadza.
⑵ Kana paine mabubble mune yemukati yekuzadza mhinduro, zvinyoro zunza electrode kuti mabubbles afashukire, kuti pave nekubatana kwakanaka pakati pemukati referensi electrode uye mhinduro. Kuti udzivise kukuvadzwa kwegirobhu yegirazi, mushure mekugeza nemvura, unogona kushandisa pepa refirita kuti unyatsotora mvura yakasungirirwa kune electrode, uye usaipukuta nechisimba. Kana yaiswa, girobhu regirazi regirazi electrode rakakwira zvishoma pane referensi electrode.
⑶Mushure mekuyera masampuli emvura ane oiri kana emulsified zvinhu, chenesa electrode ne detergent uye mvura nenguva. Kana iyo electrode yakayerwa neinorganic munyu, sora iyo electrode mu (1+9) hydrochloric acid. Mushure mokunge muyero wanyungudutswa, sukurudza zvakakwana nemvura uye uiise mumvura yakasvibiswa kuti ishandiswe gare gare. Kana iyo iri pamusoro pekurapa mhedzisiro isingagutsi, unogona kushandisa acetone kana ether (absolute ethanol haigone kushandiswa) kuti uichenese, wozoibata zvinoenderana neiyo nzira iri pamusoro, uye wozonyura iyo electrode mumvura yakasvibiswa usiku humwe usati washandiswa.
⑷ Kana ichiri kusashanda, unogona zvakare kuinyudza mu chromic acid yekuchenesa mhinduro kwemaminetsi mashoma. Chromic acid inoshanda mukubvisa adsorbed zvinhu pamusoro pekunze kwegirazi, asi ine dhizaini yekubvisa mvura. Maelectrodes anobatwa nechromic acid anofanira kunyikwa mumvura usiku hwose asati ashandiswa pakuyera. Sechisarudzo chekupedzisira, electrode inogona zvakare kunyikwa mu5% HF mhinduro kwemasekonzi 20 kusvika 30 kana muammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH4HF2) mhinduro kweminiti 1 yekurapwa kuri pakati nepakati. Mushure mekunyorova, sukurudza zvizere nemvura nekukasika, wobva wainyudza mumvura kuti ugozoishandisa. . Mushure mekurapa kwakanyanya kudaro, hupenyu hwe electrode huchakanganiswa, saka idzi nzira mbiri dzekuchenesa dzinogona kushandiswa chete seimwe nzira yekurasa.
44. Ndeapi mazano uye zvidziviriro zvekushandisa calomel electrode?
⑴Iyo calomel electrode ine zvikamu zvitatu: metallic mercury, mercury chloride (calomel) uye potassium chloride salt bridge. Iyo chloride ions mu electrode inobva potassium chloride solution. Kana huwandu hwe potassium chloride solution inoramba iripo, simba re electrode rinogara pane imwe tembiricha, zvisinei ne pH kukosha kwemvura. Iyo potassium chloride solution mukati me electrode inopinda nemuzambuko remunyu (ceramic sand core), zvichiita kuti bhatiri rekutanga riite.
⑵ Kana iri kushandiswa, chivharo cherabha chemuromo padivi pe electrode uye chivharo cherabha pamucheto wezasi chinofanira kubviswa kuitira kuti mhinduro yebhiriji remunyu ichengetedze imwe chiyero chekuyerera uye kuvuza negiravhiti uye kuchengetedza kuwana mhinduro. kuyerwa. Kana iyo electrode isiri kushandiswa, chivharo cherabha uye chivharo cherubha chinofanira kuiswa panzvimbo kudzivirira kubuda uye kubuda. Calomel electrodes isina kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba inofanira kuzadzwa ne potassium chloride solution uye kuiswa mubhokisi re electrode yekuchengetedza.
⑶ Panofanira kunge pasina mabhubhu mu potassium chloride mhinduro mu electrode kudzivirira pfupi pfupi; mashoma e potassium chloride makristasi anofanira kuchengetwa mumhinduro kuti ave nechokwadi chekuzara kwe potassium chloride solution. Nekudaro, hapafanirwe kuve yakawandisa potassium chloride crystals, zvikasadaro inogona kuvharira nzira inoenda kune mhinduro iri kuyerwa, zvichikonzera kuverenga kusingaite. Panguva imwecheteyo, kutarisisa kunofanirawo kubhadharwa pakubvisa mabhubhu emhepo pamusoro peiyo calomel electrode kana panzvimbo yekusangana pakati pebhiriji remunyu nemvura. Zvikasadaro, zvinogona zvakare kukonzera kuyerwa kwedunhu kutyora uye kuverenga kusaverengeka kana kusagadzikana.
⑷Panguva yekuyera, chiyero chemvura che potassium chloride solution mu calomel electrode inofanira kunge yakakwira kudarika mwero wemvura yemushonga wakayerwa kudzivirira mvura yakayerwa kuti isapararire muelectrode uye kukanganisa kugona kwecalomel electrode. Kupararira kwemukati kwekloridhi, sulfides, ma-complaining agents, silver salt, potassium perchlorate uye zvimwe zvikamu zviri mumvura zvichakanganisa kukwanisa kwecalomel electrode.
⑸Kana tembiricha ikachinja zvakanyanya, shanduko ye calomel electrode ine hysteresis, ndiko kuti, tembiricha inochinja nekukurumidza, inogona kuchinja electrode zvishoma nezvishoma, uye zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti simba remagetsi risvike pakuenzana. Nokudaro, edza kudzivisa kuchinja kukuru kwekushisa paunenge uchiyera. .
⑹ Teerera kudzivirira iyo calomel electrode ceramic jecha musimboti kubva pakuvharwa. Chengetedza zvakanyanya kucheneswa nenguva mushure mekuyera turbid mhinduro kana colloidal mhinduro. Kana pane vanoomerera pamusoro peiyo calomel electrode ceramic sand core, unogona kushandisa emery pepa kana kuwedzera mvura kudombo remafuta kuti uibvise zvinyoronyoro.
⑺ Gara uchitarisa kugadzikana kwecalomel electrode, uye kuyera kugona kweiyo yakaedzwa calomel electrode uye imwe isina kusimba calomel electrode ine imwechete yemukati fluid mune anhydrous kana mune imwecheteyo sampu yemvura. Musiyano unogona kunge uri pasi pe2mV, zvikasadaro new calomel electrode inoda kutsiviwa.
45. Ndedzipi dziviriro dzekuyera tembiricha?
Parizvino, miitiro yepasi rose yekuraswa kwetsvina haina mirau chaiyo pamusoro petembiricha yemvura, asi tembiricha yemvura yakakosha zvikuru kune yakajairwa biological kurapwa masisitimu uye inofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya. Ese ari maviri aerobic uye anaerobic kurapwa anodiwa kuti aitwe mukati meimwe tembiricha renji. Kana imwe nguva iyi yadarika, kutonhora kwakanyanya kana kuderera, izvo zvinoderedza kushanda kwekurapa uye kunyange kukonzera kukanganisa kwehurongwa hwose. Kunyanya kukoshesa kunofanira kubhadharwa kune kutaridzika kwekushisa kwemvura inopinza yegadziriro yekurapa. Kamwe chete tembiricha yemvura inopinza yawanikwa, isu tinofanirwa kunyatso teerera kune shanduko yekushisa kwemvura mune inotevera yekurapa michina. Kana vari mukati mehutano hunoshivirira, vanogona kuregererwa. Kana zvisina kudaro, tembiricha yemvura inopinza inofanira kugadziridzwa.
GB 13195–91 inotsanangura nzira dzakanangana dzekuyera tembiricha yemvura uchishandisa mathermometer epamusoro, ma thermometers akadzika kana inversion thermometers. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, kana uchiyera kwechinguva tembiricha yemvura mune yega yega dhizaini yekuchenesa mvura yekudyara pane saiti, inokodzera mercury-yakazadzwa girazi thermometer inogona kushandiswa kuiyera. Kana iyo thermometer ichida kubviswa mumvura kuti iverenge, nguva kubva apo iyo thermometer inosiya mvura kusvika kana kuverenga kwapera haifaniri kudarika 20 seconds. Thermometer inofanirwa kunge iine sikero chaiyo inosvika 0.1oC, uye huwandu hwekupisa hunofanira kunge hudiki hunogona kuita kuti zvive nyore kusvika pakuenzanisa. Inodawo kuverengerwa nguva nenguva nedhipatimendi remetrology uye yekusimbisa uchishandisa chaiyo thermometer.
Pakuyeresa tembiricha yemvura kwenguva pfupi, probe yegirazi thermometer kana imwe tembiricha yekuyera midziyo inofanira kunyudzwa mumvura kuti iyemwe kwenguva yakati (kazhinji inodarika maminetsi mashanu), wozoverenga data mushure mekusvika pakuenzanisa. Kukosha kwetembiricha kunowanzo kuve kwakaringana kusvika 0.1oC. Zvidyarwa zvekuchenesa mvura yetsvina zvinowanzoisa chiridzwa chekuyeresa tembiricha yepamhepo panoperera tangi yeaeration, uye thermometer inowanzo shandisa thermistor kuyera tembiricha yemvura.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-02-2023
