19. Ingani nzira dzemvura dzekudzikisa mvura dziripo pakuyera BOD5? Ndedzipi dziviriro dzekushanda?
Pakuyera BOD5, nzira dzemvura dzekudzikisa mvura dzakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri: nzira yekudzikisa yakajairika uye yakananga dilution nzira. Iyo general dilution nzira inoda huwandu hukuru hwemvura yedilution kana inoculation dilution mvura.
Iyo general dilution nzira ndeyekuwedzera inosvika 500mL yemvura yakanyungudutswa kana inoculation dilution mvura kune 1L kana 2L cylinder yapedza kudzidza, wobva wawedzera yakaverengerwa imwe vhoriyamu yesampuli yemvura, wowedzera imwe dilution mvura kana inoculation dilution mvura kusvika pachiyero chizere, uye shandisa rabha kumagumo kusvika Mudonzvo wegirazi wakatenderera unomutswa zvishoma nezvishoma kumusoro kana pasi pasi pemvura. Pakupedzisira, shandisa siphon kuunza mhinduro yemvura yakaenzana yakasanganiswa mubhodhoro retsika, rizadze nekuputika zvishoma, nyatsovhara chivharo chebhodhoro, uye chivhare nemvura. Muromo webhodhoro. Kune sampuli dzemvura ine yechipiri kana yechitatu dilution reshiyo, yakasara yakasanganiswa mhinduro inogona kushandiswa. Mushure mekuverenga, imwe chiyero chemvura yakasvibiswa kana inoculated dilution mvura inogona kuwedzerwa, yakasanganiswa uye inounzwa mubhodhoro retsika nenzira imwecheteyo.
Iyo yakananga dilution nzira ndeyekutanga kuunza inenge hafu yevhoriyamu yemvura yakanyungudutswa kana inoculation dilution mvura mubhodhoro retsika rinozivikanwa vhoriyamu nesiphoning, uyezve jekiseni vhoriyamu yesampuli yemvura iyo inofanirwa kuwedzerwa kune yega yega tsika bhodhoro rakaverengerwa zvichienderana nekuderedzwa. chinhu pamadziro ebhodhoro. , wobva waisa mvura yekudirwa kana kuti inoculate dilution mvura kubhodhoro, nyatsovhara chivharo chebhodhoro, uye sunga muromo webhodhoro nemvura.
Paunenge uchishandisa yakananga dilution nzira, kutarisisa kwakakosha kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kusaunza mvura yedilution kana inoculating mvura yekudiridza nekukurumidza pakupedzisira. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinodikanwa kuongorora mitemo yekushanda yekuunza vhoriyamu yakakwana kuti udzivise zvikanganiso zvinokonzerwa nekuwanda kwepamusoro.
Hazvina mhosva kuti ndeipi nzira inoshandiswa, pakuunza sampuli yemvura mubhodhoro retsika, chiito chinofanira kuva chakapfava kudzivirira mabhuru, mhepo inonyunguduka mumvura kana kuti oxygen ichibuda mumvura. Panguva imwecheteyo, iva nechokwadi chekungwarira paunenge uchivhara bhodhoro zvakasimba kudzivirira mabhuru emhepo akasara mubhodhoro, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro yekuyera. Kana bhodhoro retsika rakagadzirwa mu incubator, chisimbiso chemvura chinofanira kuongororwa zuva rega rega uye kuzadzwa nemvura munguva yekudzivirira mvura yakavhara kubva pakubuda uye kubvumira mweya kupinda mubhodhoro. Mukuwedzera, mavhoriyamu emabhodhoro maviri etsika anoshandiswa pamberi uye mushure memazuva mashanu anofanira kunge akafanana kuderedza zvikanganiso.
20. Ndezvipi zvinetso zvinobvira zvingamuka pakuyera BOD5?
Kana iyo BOD5 ikayerwa pamvura yetsvina yetsvina yekuchenesa system ine nitrification, sezvo iine mabhakitiriya akawanda ari nitrifying, mibairo yekuyera inosanganisira kudiwa kweokisijeni yezvinhu zvine nitrogen zvakaita seammonia nitrogen. Kana zvichidikanwa kusiyanisa kudiwa kweokisijeni yezvinhu zvekabhoni uye kudiwa kweokisijeni yezvinhu zvine nitrogenous mumasampuli emvura, nzira yekuwedzera nitrification inhibitors kumvura yedilution inogona kushandiswa kubvisa nitrification panguva yeBOD5 yekutsunga maitiro. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera 10mg 2-chloro-6- (trichloromethyl) pyridine kana 10mg propenyl thiourea, nezvimwewo.
BOD5/CODCr iri pedyo ne1 kana kutopfuura 1, izvo zvinowanzoratidza kuti pane chikanganiso mukuedzwa. Chimwe nechimwe chinongedzo chekuyedzwa chinofanirwa kuongororwa, uye kutariswa kwakanyanya kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kuti sampu yemvura inotorwa zvakaenzana. Zvinogona kunge zvakajairika kuti BOD5/CODMn ive pedyo ne1 kana kutopfuura 1, nekuti dhigirii reoxidation yezvikamu zveorganic mumasampuli emvura ne potassium permanganate yakaderera zvakanyanya kupfuura ye potassium dichromate. Iko CODMn kukosha kweiyo yakafanana mvura sampuli dzimwe nguva yakaderera pane CODCr kukosha. zvizhinji.
Kana pane chiitiko chenguva dzose chokuti iyo huru dilution factor uye yakakwirira yeBOD5 kukosha, chikonzero chacho kazhinji ndechokuti mvura yemvura ine zvinhu zvinodzivisa kukura uye kubereka kwe microorganisms. Kana iyo dilution factor yakaderera, chiyero che inhibitory zvinhu zviri mumvura sampuli yakakura, zvichiita kuti zvisaite kuti mabhakitiriya aite zvinobudirira biodegradation, zvichikonzera yakaderera BOD5 kuyerwa kwemhedzisiro. Panguva ino, izvo zvakananga zvikamu kana zvinokonzeresa zveantibacterial zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuwanikwa, uye inobudirira pretreatment inofanirwa kuitwa kuti ibvise kana kuvavhara pamberi kuyerwa.
Kana BOD5/CODCr yakadzikira, senge pazasi 0.2 kana kunyange pazasi 0.1, kana yakayerwa sampu yemvura iri tsvina yemumaindasitiri, zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti iyo organic matter mumvura sampu ine biodegradability. Nekudaro, kana iyo yakayerwa sampu yemvura iri tsvina yemudhorobha kana yakasanganiswa neimwe mvura yetsvina yeIndasitiri, inova chikamu chetsvina yemumba, haingori nekuti sampu yemvura ine zvinhu zvine chepfu kana mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, asi zvikonzero zvinowanzoitika ndezvekusarerekera pH kukosha. uye kuvapo kwezvakasara chlorine fungicides. Kuti udzivise zvikanganiso, panguva yekuyera kweBOD5, iyo pH kukosha kwemuenzaniso wemvura uye dilution mvura inofanira kugadziriswa ku7 uye 7.2 maererano. Ongororo yenguva dzose inofanira kuitwa pamasampuli emvura anogona kunge aine oxidants seyasara chlorine.
21. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvinoratidza kudya kwezvirimwa mumvura ine tsvina?
Zvokudya zvezvirimwa zvinosanganisira nitrogen, phosphorus nezvimwe zvinhu zvinodiwa pakukura nekukura kwechirimwa. Zvikafu zvine mwero zvinogona kusimudzira kukura kwezvipenyu nemamicroorganisms. Kuwedzeredza kwekudyara kwezvirimwa kunopinda mumuviri wemvura kuchaita kuti algae iwande mumvura yemvura, zvichikonzera iyo inonzi "eutrophication" chiitiko, icho chichawedzera kushata kwemvura, kukanganisa kugadzirwa kwehove uye kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu. Eutrophication yakakomba yemadziva asina kudzika inogona kutungamirira kudhamu remvura uye rufu.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kudya kwekudyara zvinhu zvakakosha pakukura uye kuberekazve kwehutachiona mune activated sludge, uye chinhu chakakosha chine chekuita nekushanda kwakajairwa kweiyo biological kurapwa maitiro. Nokudaro, zviratidzo zvekudyara zvinovaka muviri mumvura zvinoshandiswa sechiratidzo chakakosha chekutonga mumabasa ekugadzirisa tsvina.
Zviratidzo zvemhando yemvura zvinoratidza kudya kwezvirimwa mutsvina zvinonyanya kusanganiswa nenitrogen (senge organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite uye nitrate, nezvimwewo) uye phosphorus compounds (senge yakazara phosphorus, phosphate, nezvimwewo). Mumabasa akajairwa ekuchenesa tsvina, anowanzo Monitor ammonia nitrogen uye phosphate mumvura inouya neinobuda. Kune rumwe rutivi, ndeyekuchengetedza kushanda kwakajairika kwehutano hwehupenyu, uye kune rumwe rutivi, ndeyekuona kana tsvina inosangana nemitemo yenyika.
22.Ndeipi zviratidzo zvemhando yemvura yezvinowanzo shandiswa nitrogen makomboni? Vanofambidzana sei?
Zvinowanzo shandiswa zviratidzo zvemhando yemvura zvinomiririra nitrogen makomisheni mumvura zvinosanganisira yakazara nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite uye nitrate.
Ammonia nitrogen initrogen iripo muchimiro cheNH3 neNH4+ mumvura. Ndiyo danho rekutanga chigadzirwa chekuora kweoxidative yeorganic nitrogen makomponi uye chiratidzo chekusvibiswa kwemvura. Ammonia nitrogen inogona kuiswa mu nitrite (inotsanangurwa se NO2-) pasi pekuita kwebhakitiriya nitrite, uye nitrite inogona kuiswa mu nitrate (inotsanangurwa se NO3-) pasi pekuita kwebhakitiriya ye nitrate. Nitrate inogona zvakare kuderedzwa kuita nitrite pasi pechiito chezvipembenene munzvimbo isina oxygen. Apo iyo nitrogen mumvura inenge iri mumhando ye nitrate, inogona kuratidza kuti zvinyorwa zve nitrogen-ine organic matter mumvura iduku zvikuru uye muviri wemvura wasvika pakuzvinatsa.
Huwandu hwe organic nitrogen uye ammonia nitrogen inogona kuyerwa uchishandisa nzira yeKjeldahl (GB 11891–89). Iyo nitrogen yehuwandu hwemvura inoyerwa nenzira yeKjeldahl inodaidzwa zvakare kuti Kjeldahl nitrogen, saka iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa Kjeldahl nitrogen iammonia nitrogen. uye organic nitrogen. Mushure mokubvisa ammonia nitrogen kubva mumuenzaniso wemvura, inobva yapimwa nenzira yeKjeldahl. Iko kuyerwa kukosha ndeye organic nitrogen. Kana Kjeldahl nitrogen neammonia nitrogen zvikayerwa zvakaparadzana mumasampuli emvura, musiyano uriwo organic nitrogen. Kjeldahl nitrogen inogona kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekutonga kweiyo nitrogen yemukati memvura inouya yetsvina yekuchenesa michina, uye inogona zvakare kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekudzora eutrophication yemitumbi yemvura yechisikigo senzizi, madziva nemakungwa.
Total nitrogen ihuwandu hwe organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen uye nitrate nitrogen mumvura, inova huwandu hweKjeldahl nitrogen uye yakazara oxide nitrogen. Yese nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen uye nitrate nitrogen zvese zvinogona kuyerwa pachishandiswa spectrophotometry. Nokuda kwekuongorora nzira ye nitrite nitrogen, ona GB7493-87, yekuongorora nzira ye nitrate nitrogen, ona GB7480-87, uye yehuwandu hwekuongorora nzira ye nitrogen, ona GB 11894- -89. Total nitrogen inomiririra huwandu hwemakomboni enitrogen mumvura. Icho chiratidzo chakakosha chekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwemvura yakasikwa uye inokosha yekudzivirira parameter muhutano hwekugadzirisa tsvina.
23. Ndedzipi dziviriro dzekuyera ammonia nitrogen?
Nzira dzinowanzo shandiswa pakusarudza ammonia nitrogen inzira dze colorimetric, dzinoti Nessler's reagent colorimetric method (GB 7479–87) uye salicylic acid-hypochlorite nzira (GB 7481–87). Sampuli dzemvura dzinogona kuchengetedzwa neacidification ine concentrated sulfuric acid. Iyo chaiyo nzira ndeye kushandisa concentrated sulfuric acid kugadzirisa pH kukosha kwemuenzaniso wemvura kusvika pakati pe1.5 ne2, uye kuichengeta munzvimbo ye4oC. Izvo zvishoma zvekuonekwa zvakadzika zveNessler reagent colorimetric nzira uye salicylic acid-hypochlorite nzira ndeye 0.05mg/L uye 0.01mg/L (yakaverengerwa muN) zvakateerana. Pakuyera masampuli emvura ane mutsara pamusoro pe 0.2mg / L Apo, nzira ye volumetric (CJ / T75-1999) inogona kushandiswa. Kuti uwane mhinduro dzakarurama, zvisinei kuti ndeipi nzira yekuongorora inoshandiswa, sampuli yemvura inofanira kunge isati yanyungudutswa pakuyera ammonia nitrogen.
Iyo pH kukosha kwemasampuli emvura ine simba guru pakutemerwa kweammonia. Kana iyo pH yakakosha yakawandisa, mamwe nitrogen-ine organic makomisheni inoshandurwa kuita ammonia. Kana iyo pH yakakosha yakanyanya kuderera, chikamu cheammonia chinoramba chiri mumvura panguva yekupisa uye distillation. Kuti uwane mhinduro dzakarurama, sampuli yemvura inofanira kugadziriswa kuti isarerekera isati yaongororwa. Kana sampu yemvura yanyanya asidhi kana alkaline, kukosha kwepH kunogona kugadziriswa kusarerekera ne 1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution kana 1mol/L sulfuric acid solution. Wobva wawedzera phosphate buffer solution kuchengetedza pH kukosha pa7.4, wozoita distillation. Mushure mekupisa, ammonia inoputika kubva mumvura munzvimbo ine gasi. Panguva ino, 0.01 ~ 0.02mol / L dilute sulfuric acid (phenol-hypochlorite nzira) kana 2% dilute boric acid (Nessler's reagent method) inoshandiswa kuitora.
Kune mamwe masampuli emvura ane yakakura Ca2+ yemukati, mushure mekuwedzera phosphate buffer mhinduro, Ca2+ uye PO43- inogadzira insoluble Ca3 (PO43-) 2 precipitate uye kuburitsa H + muphosphate, iyo inoderedza pH kukosha. Zviripachena, mamwe maIoni anogona kudonha nephosphate anogona zvakare kukanganisa pH kukosha kwemasampuli emvura panguva yekupisa distillation. Mune mamwe mazwi, kune yakadai sampu yemvura, kunyangwe iyo pH yakagadziridzwa kuti isarerekera uye phosphate buffer mhinduro yawedzerwa, iyo pH kukosha icharamba yakadzikira zvakanyanya pane inotarisirwa kukosha. Naizvozvo, kune zvisingazivikanwe mvura samples, yera iyo pH kukosha zvakare mushure mekuita distillation. Kana iyo pH kukosha isiri pakati pe7.2 ne7.6, huwandu hwemhinduro yebuffer hunofanira kuwedzerwa. Kazhinji, 10 mL yephosphate buffer solution inofanira kuwedzerwa pa 250 mg yega yega calcium.
24. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvehutano hwemvura zvinoratidza zviri mukati memakemikari ane phosphorus mumvura? Vanofambidzana sei?
Phosphorus chimwe chezvinhu zvinodiwa pakukura kwezvisikwa zvemumvura. Yakawanda ye phosphorus mumvura inowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana dze phosphates, uye shoma iripo muchimiro che organic phosphorus makomisheni. Phosphates mumvura inogona kugoverwa mumapoka maviri: orthophosphate uye condensed phosphate. Orthophosphate inoreva maphosphates aripo muchimiro chePO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, nezvimwewo, nepo condensed phosphate inosanganisira pyrophosphate uye metaphosphoric acid. Minyu uye polymeric phosphates, yakadai seP2O74-, P3O105-, HP3O92-, (PO3) 63-, nezvimwewo. Organophosphorus compounds inonyanya kusanganisira phosphates, phosphites, pyrophosphates, hypophosphites uye amine phosphates. Huwandu hwephosphates uye organic phosphorus inonzi yakazara phosphorus uye zvakare yakakosha yemhando yemvura chiratidzo.
Nzira yekuongorora yephosphorus yakazara (ona GB 11893–89 yemaitiro chaiwo) ine matanho maviri ekutanga. Danho rekutanga kushandisa maoxidants kushandura mhando dzakasiyana dzephosphorous mumucherechedzo wemvura kuita maphosphates. Danho rechipiri nderekuyera orthophosphate, uyezve reverse Verengai yakazara phosphorus kugutsikana. Munguva yemaitiro ekuchenesa tsvina, iyo phosphate yemukati mesuweji inopinda mubiochemical kurapwa mudziyo uye tsvina yechipiri sedimentation tank inofanirwa kuongororwa nekuyerwa. Kana iyo phosphate yemvura iri kuuya isina kukwana, imwe chiyero chefosfeti fertilizer inofanira kuwedzerwa kuti iwedzere; kana phosphate yemukati mesecondary sedimentation tank effluent ichipfuura iyo yenyika yekutanga-level yekuburitsa mwero we0.5mg/L, phosphorus yekubvisa nhanho inofanirwa kutariswa.
25. Ndedzipi dziviriro dzekudzivirira phosphate kutsunga?
Nzira yekuyera phosphate ndeyokuti pasi pemamiriro ane acidic, phosphate uye ammonium molybdate inogadzira phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, iyo inoderedzwa kusvika kublue complex (inonzi molybdenum blue) uchishandisa inoderedza agent stannous chloride kana ascorbic acid. Method CJ/T78–1999), unogona zvakare kushandisa alkaline mafuta kugadzira akawanda-component ane mavara macomplexes ekuyera yakananga spectrophotometric kuyerwa.
Sampuli dzemvura dzine phosphorous hadzina kugadzikana uye dzinonyatsoongororwa pakarepo mushure mekuunganidzwa. Kana kuongororwa kusingagone kuitwa nekukasira, wedzera 40 mg mercury chloride kana 1 mL yakaomeswa sulfuric acid kune yega yega sampu yemvura kuti ichengetedze, uye woichengeta mubhodhoro regirazi rebrown woiisa mufiriji ine 4oC. Kana sampu yemvura ichingoshandiswa pakuongorora phosphorus yakazara, hapana kurapa kwekuchengetedza kunodiwa.
Sezvo phosphate inogona kushambadzirwa pamadziro emabhodhoro epurasitiki, mabhodhoro epurasitiki haagone kushandiswa kuchengetedza masampu emvura. Ese mabhodhoro egirazi anoshandiswa anofanirwa kugezwa ne dilute inopisa hydrochloric acid kana dilute nitric acid, uye yozosukurudzwa kakawanda nemvura yakadirwa.
26. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza zviri mukati mechinhu chakasimba mumvura?
Zvakaoma mutsvina zvinosanganisira zvinoyangarara pamusoro pemvura, zvakaturikwa mumvura, sedimentable matter inonyura pasi uye yakasimba yakanyungudutswa mumvura. Zvinhu zvinoyangarara zvimedu zvihombe kana zvimedu zvihombe zvetsvina zvinoyangarara pamusoro pemvura uye zvine density iri pasi pemvura. Suspended matter is small particle tsvina yakaturikwa mumvura. Sedimentable matter itsvina inogona kugara pasi pemvura mushure menguva yakati rebei. Anenge ese masewage ane sedimentable matter ine yakaoma kuumbwa. Iro rinoita sedimentable matter rinonyanya kuumbwa neorganic matter inodaidzwa kunzi sludge, uye chinhu chinoraswa chinonyanya kuumbwa neinorganic matter chinonzi chisaririra. Zvinhu zvinoyangarara zvinowanzonetsa kuverengera, asi zvimwe zvakati wandei zvinhu zvakasimba zvinogona kuyerwa pachishandiswa zviratidzo zvinotevera.
Mucherechedzo unoratidza huwandu hwakasimba hwemukati mumvura huzere hwakasimba, kana huwandu hwakaoma. Zvinoenderana nekunyungudika kwezvakaoma mumvura, zvese zvakaonda zvinogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvakanyungudutswa (Dissolved Solid, yakapfupikiswa seDS) uye zvakamiswa zvakakora (Suspend Solid, yakapfupikiswa seSS). Zvinoenderana nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvakaoma mumvura, zvinyoro zvese zvinogona kupatsanurwa kuita volatile solids (VS) uye fixed solids (FS, inonziwo madota). Pakati pazvo, zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa (DS) uye zvakaturikwa zvakasimba (SS) zvinogona kugoverwa zvakare kuva zvinyoro zvakanyungudutswa zvakanyungudutswa, zvisizvo zvisingadziviriki zvakanyungudutswa, zvinyoro zvakamiswa, zvisizvo zvisingatauriki zvakamiswa uye zvimwe zviratidzo.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-28-2023
