62.Ndedzipi nzira dzekuyera nayo cyanide?
Inowanzo shandiswa nzira dzekuongorora dzecyanide ndeye volumetric titration uye spectrophotometry. GB7486-87 uye GB7487-87 zvichiteerana tsanangura nzira dzekutsidzira dzeyakazara cyanide uye cyanide. Iyo volumetric titration nzira inokodzera kuongororwa kwepamusoro-concentration cyanide mvura samples, ine chiyero chekuyera 1 kusvika 100 mg / L; iyo spectrophotometric nzira inosanganisira isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone colorimetric nzira uye arsine-barbituric acid colorimetric nzira. Inokodzera kuongororwa kweyakadzika-concentration cyanide mvura samples, ine chiyero chekuyera che 0.004 ~ 0.25mg/L.
Iyo musimboti wevolumetric titration ndeye titrate neyakajairwa sirivheri nitrate mhinduro. Cyanide ions uye sirivheri nitrate inogadzira soluble silver cyanide yakaoma ions. Yakawandisa silver ions inopindirana nesirivheri chloride chiratidzo mhinduro, uye mhinduro inoshanduka kubva kuyero kuenda kune orenji-tsvuku. Nheyo ye spectrophotometry ndeyokuti pasi pemamiriro asina kwaakarerekera, cyanide inopindirana nechloramine T kuti igadzire cyanogen chloride, iyo inobva yasangana neapyridine kuti iite glutenedialdehyde, iyo inopindirana neapyridinone kana barbine Tomic acid inobudisa dhayi yebhuruu kana tsvuku-yepepuru, uye kudzika kwedhayi. ruvara runoenderana necyanide content.
Kune zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvinhu mune zvese titration uye spectrophotometry zviyero, uye pretreatment matanho akadai sekuwedzera chaiwo makemikari uye pre-distillation inowanzodiwa. Kana kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinokanganisa hakusi kukuru, chinangwa chinogona kuwanikwa chete kuburikidza ne-pre-distillation.
63. Ndedzipi dziviriro pakuyera cyanide?
⑴Cyanide ine muchetura zvakanyanya, uye arsenic ine muchetura zvakare. Kuwedzera kuchenjerera kunofanirwa kuitwa panguva yekuongorora maoparesheni, uye inofanirwa kuitwa mufume hood kudzivirira kusvibiswa kweganda nemeso. Kana huwandu hwezvinhu zvinokanganisa mumvura sampuli isiri yakakura kwazvo, nyore cyanide inoshandurwa kuita hydrogen cyanide uye inoburitswa mumvura kuburikidza ne pre-distillation pasi pemamiriro e acidic, uyezve inounganidzwa kuburikidza ne sodium hydroxide washing solution, uye ipapo iyo iri nyore. cyanide inoshandurwa kuita hydrogen cyanide. Siyanisa iri nyore cyanide kubva yakaoma cyanide, wedzera cyanide concentration uye yakaderera yekuona muganho.
⑵ Kana kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinokanganisa mumasampuli emvura zvakakura, matanho akakodzera anofanirwa kutorwa kutanga kubvisa mhedzisiro yazvo. Kuvapo kwe oxidants kuchaora cyanide. Kana iwe uchifungidzira kuti mune oxidants mumvura, unogona kuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwe sodium thiosulfate kubvisa kupindira kwayo. Sampuli dzemvura dzinofanirwa kuchengetwa mumabhodhoro epolyethylene uye kuongororwa mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekuunganidzwa. Kana zvichidikanwa, yakasimba sodium hydroxide kana concentrated sodium hydroxide solution inofanira kuwedzerwa kuwedzera pH kukosha kwemuenzaniso wemvura kusvika 12 ~ 12.5.
⑶ Munguva yeacidic distillation, sulfide inogona kunyungudutswa muchimiro chehydrogen sulfide uye inotorwa nealkali fluid, saka inofanira kubviswa pachine nguva. Pane nzira mbiri dzekubvisa sarufa. Imwe ndeyekuwedzera oxidant isingakwanisi oxidize CN- (yakadai se potassium permanganate) pasi pemamiriro ane acidic kuti oxidize S2- uye wozoidhiza; imwe yacho ndeyekuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hweCdCO3 kana CbCO3 hupfu hwakasimba kuti hugadzire simbi. Iyo sulfide inonaya, uye mvura yacho inosefa yobva yanyungudutswa.
⑷Panguva yeacidic distillation, zvinhu zvine mafuta zvinogona zvakare kubuda. Panguva ino, unogona kushandisa (1 + 9) acetic acid kugadzirisa pH kukosha kwemuenzaniso wemvura kusvika ku6 ~ 7, uye wobva wawedzera 20% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemvura kune hexane kana chloroform. Bvisa (kwete kakawanda), wobva washandisa sodium hydroxide solution kukwidza pH value yemvura sampu kusvika 12 ~ 12.5 wobva waisa distill.
⑸ Munguva yeacidic distillation yemasampuli emvura ane yakanyanya kuwanda kwecarbonates, kabhoni dhaibhoni inoburitswa uye inounganidzwa nesodium hydroxide washing solution, zvichikanganisa mhedzisiro yekuyera. Paunenge uchisangana nehigh-concentration carbonate sewage, calcium hydroxide inogona kushandiswa pachinzvimbo chesodium hydroxide kugadzirisa sampu yemvura, kuitira kuti pH kukosha kwesampu yemvura iwedzere kusvika 12 ~ 12.5 uye mushure mekunaya, iyo supernatant inodururwa mubhodhoro remuenzaniso. .
⑹ Pakuyera cyanide uchishandisa photometry, iyo pH kukosha kwemhinduro mhinduro inobata zvakananga kukosha kwekunyudza kweruvara. Naizvozvo, iyo alkali yekumisikidzwa kweiyo absorption solution inofanira kunyatsodzorwa uye iyo buffer kugona kwephosphate buffer inofanirwa kutariswa. Mushure mekuwedzera imwe huwandu hwebuffer, kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kuti uone kana iyo yakakwana pH renji inogona kusvikwa. Pamusoro pezvo, mushure mekunge phosphate buffer yagadzirwa, kukosha kwayo kwepH kunofanirwa kuyerwa nemamita epH kuti uone kana ichizadzisa zvinodiwa kudzivirira kutsauka kukuru nekuda kwemareagents asina kuchena kana kuvepo kwemvura yekristaro.
⑺ Shanduko mune iripo chlorine yemukati yeammonium chloride T zvakare chikonzero chinowanzo konzera isina kururama cyanide kutsunga. Kana pasina kukura kwemavara kana kukura kwemavara hakusi mutsara uye kunzwisiswa kwakaderera, kunze kwekutsauka mu pH kukosha kwekugadzirisa, inowanzoenderana nehutano hweammonium chloride T. Nokudaro, inowanikwa chlorine content. yeammonium chloride T inofanira kuva pamusoro pe11%. Kana yakasvibiswa kana kuti ine turbid precipitate mushure mekugadzirira, haigoni kushandiswa zvakare.
64. Chii chinonzi biophases?
Muiyo aerobic biological treatment process, zvisinei nechimiro chechimiro uye maitirwo acho, iyo organic matter mumvura ine tsvina inoiswa oxidized uye yakaodzwa kuita inorganic matter kuburikidza ne metabolic zviitiko zve activated sludge uye biofilm microorganisms mune yekurapa system. Saka mvura yetsvina inonatswa. Hunhu hwetsvina yakabatwa hune hukama nerudzi, huwandu uye metabolic chiitiko chezvipembenene zvinogadzira iyo yakagadziriswa sludge uye biofilm. Dhizaini uye mashandiro ezuva nezuva ekugadzirisa mvura yetsvina zvimiro zvinonyanya kupa iri nani yekugara nharaunda yeyakagadziriswa sludge uye biofilm microorganisms kuitira kuti vagone kushandisa yavo yakanyanya metabolic simba.
Mukuita kwebiological kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba, tupukanana iboka rakazara: activated sludge inoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana siyana, uye tupukanana dzakasiyana dzinofanira kudyidzana uye kugara munzvimbo ine ecologically yakaenzana. Mhando dzakasiyana dzema microorganisms dzine iwo ega mitemo yekukura mubiological treatment system. Somuenzaniso, kana zvinhu zvipenyu zvawanda, mabhakitiriya anodya zvinhu zvipenyu ndiwo anotonga uye ane utachiona hwakawanda zvikuru. Kana nhamba yebhakitiriya yakakura, protozoa inodya mabhakitiriya ichaonekwa zvisingabviri, uye ipapo micrometazoa inodya mabhakitiriya uye protozoa ichaonekwa.
Maitiro ekukura kwema microorganisms ari activated sludge anobatsira kunzwisisa mhando yemvura yetsvina yekuchenesa nzira kuburikidza ne microbial microscopy. Kana nhamba yakawanda ye flagellates inowanikwa panguva yekuongorora microscopic, zvinoreva kuti kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa mumvura yakasvibiswa kuchiri kukwirira uye kuwedzera kurapwa kunodiwa; apo kushambira ciliates kunowanikwa panguva yekuongorora microscopic, zvinoreva kuti mvura yakasvibiswa yakabatwa kune imwe nzvimbo; apo sessile ciliates inowanikwa pasi pekuongorora microscopic, Kana nhamba yekushambira ciliates iduku, zvinoreva kuti kune zvishoma zvishoma zvehupenyu uye mabhakitiriya akasununguka mumvura yakasvibiswa, uye mvura yakasvibiswa iri pedyo nekugadzikana; kana rotifers inowanikwa pasi pe microscope, zvinoreva kuti mvura yemhando yakadzikama.
65. Chii chinonzi biographic microscopy? basa racho nderei?
Biophase microscopy inogona kushandiswa chete kufungidzira mamiriro ese emhando yemvura. Iyo bvunzo yemhando uye haigone kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekudzora kwemhando yetsvina kubva kune tsvina yekuchenesa zvidyarwa. Kuti utarise shanduko mukutevedzana kwemicrofauna, kuverenga nguva dzose kunodiwa zvakare.
Activated sludge uye biofilm ndizvo zvikamu zvikuru zvebiological wastewater treatment. Kukura, kubereka, metabolic zviitiko zvehudiki mumatope uye kutevedzana pakati pezvipembenene zvipenyu zvinogona kuratidza zvakananga chimiro chekurapa. Kana ichienzaniswa nekutemerwa kweiyo organic zvinhu kusungwa uye chepfu zvinhu, biophase microscopy iri nyore kwazvo. Iwe unogona kunzwisisa shanduko uye kukura kwevanhu uye kuderera kweprotozoa mune yakagadziriswa sludge chero nguva, uye nekudaro iwe unogona kutanga kutonga dhigirii rekucheneswa kwetsvina kana kunaka kwemvura inouya. uye kana mamiriro ekushanda ari akajairika. Naizvozvo, kunze kwekushandisa nzira dzemuviri uye dzemakemikari kuyera zvimiro zvedope rakabatidzwa, unogona zvakare kushandisa maikorosikopu kuona morphology yemunhu, kufamba kwekukura uye huwandu hwema microorganisms kutonga kushanda kwemvura yakasviba, kuitira kuti uone zvisina kujairika. mamiriro ezvinhu nekukurumidza uye kutora matanho panguva. Matanho akakodzera anofanirwa kutorwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekushanda kwakagadzikana kwechigadzirwa chekurapa uye kugadzirisa maitiro ekurapa.
66. Chii chatinofanira kungwarira pakuona zvinhu zvipenyu zviri pasi pokukudzwa kwakaderera?
Kucherekedza kwakaderera-kukudza kutarisa mufananidzo wakazara wechikamu chebiology. Ngwarira kuhukuru hwe sludge floc, kusimba kwechimiro chesludge, chikamu chebhakitiriya jelly uye filamentous bacteria uye chimiro chekukura, uye rekodha uye ita tsanangudzo dzinodiwa. . Sludge ine hombe sludge flocs ine yakanaka kugadzirisa kuita uye kuramba kwakasimba kune yakakwira mutoro.
Sludge flocs inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvinoenderana neavhareji yavo dhayamita: sludge flocs ine avhareji dhayamita> 500 μm inonzi hombe-grained sludge,<150 μm are small-grained sludge, and those between 150 500 medium-grained sludge. .
Izvo zvimiro zve sludge flocs zvinoreva chimiro, chimiro, kusimba kwe sludge flocs uye huwandu hwefilamentous bacteria mune sludge. Munguva yekuongorora kusinganzwisisike, sludge flocs dzinenge dzakatenderedzwa dzinogona kunzi dzakatenderedza flocs, uye idzo dzakanyatsosiyana kubva kune yakatenderedzwa chimiro inonzi irregular-shaped flocs.
Iyo network voids mu flocs yakabatana nekumisikidzwa kunze kweiyo flocs inonzi yakavhurika zvimiro, uye iyo isina yakavhurika voids inonzi yakavharwa zvimiro. Iyo micelle mabhakitiriya mu flocs yakarongedzwa zvakanyanya, uye avo vane miganhu yakajeka pakati pe floc edges uye kunze kwekumiswa kunonzi tight flocs, nepo avo vane mitsetse isina kujeka vanonzi loose flocs.
Kudzidzira kwakaratidza kuti denderedzwa, rakavharwa, uye compact flocs zviri nyore kubatana uye kutarisana nemumwe, uye kuve nekuita kwakanaka kwekugadzirisa. Zvikasadaro, kugadzirisa kuita kwakashata.
67. Chii chatinofanira kupa ngwariro kwachiri pakucherekedza zvinhu zvipenyu zviri pasi pokukudzwa kukuru?
Kucherekedza nehukuru hwepamusoro, iwe unogona kuenderera mberi nekuona maitiro ezvimiro zvezvidiki-mhuka. Paunenge uchicherechedza, unofanirwa kuchenjerera kutaridzika uye chimiro chemukati chezvipuka zviduku, zvakadai sekuti kune masero ezvokudya mumuviri wehonye dzebhero, swing ye ciliates, nezvimwewo. Paunenge uchicherechedza jelly clumps, kuchenjerera kunofanira kubhadharwa. kukora uye ruvara rwejelly, chikamu chejelly clumps itsva, nezvimwewo. Paunenge uchicherechedza mabhakitiriya ane filamentous, teerera kana pane lipid zvinhu uye sulfur particles zvakaunganidzwa mufilamentous bacteria. Panguva imwecheteyo, teerera kune kurongeka, chimiro uye maitiro ekufamba kwemasero ari mufilamentous bacteria kuti atange kutonga rudzi rwefilamentous bacteria (kuwedzera kuzivikanwa kwebhakitiriya refilamentous). mhando dzinoda kushandiswa kwelenzi yemafuta uye kusvibiswa kweakagadziriswa sludge samples).
68. Nzira yekuisa sei filamentous microorganisms panguva yebiological phase yekucherechedza?
Filamentous microorganisms mune activated sludge inosanganisira filamentous bacteria, filamentous fungi, filamentous algae (cyanobacteria) uye mamwe masero akabatana uye anoita filamentous thalli. Pakati pavo, mabhakitiriya ane filamentous ndiwo anonyanya kuwanda. Pamwe chete nehutachiona muboka recolloidal, Iyo inoumba chikamu chikuru cheyakagadziriswa sludge floc. Filamentous mabhakitiriya ane simba rakasimba rekuita oxidize uye kuora organic matter. Nekudaro, nekuda kweiyo hombe chaiyo yenzvimbo yefilamentous bacteria, kana filamentous mabhakitiriya ari musludge achipfuura bhakitiriya jelly mass uye achitonga kukura, iyo filamentous bacteria inosimuka kubva pafloc ichienda kune sludge. Iyo yekunze yekuwedzera inotadzisa kubatana pakati pemaflocs uye kuwedzera iyo SV kukosha uye SVI kukosha kwesludge. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, zvinokonzeresa sludge kuwedzera. Naizvozvo, huwandu hwefilamentous bacteria ndiyo inonyanya kukosha inokanganisa sludge kugadzirisa kuita.
Zvinoenderana nereshiyo yefilamentous bacteria kune gelatinous bacteria mune activated sludge, filamentous mabhakitiriya anogona kukamurwa kuita mamakisi mashanu: ①00 - anenge asina filamentous mabhakitiriya mumatope; ②± giredhi - pane shoma shoma isina filamentous mabhakitiriya mumatope. Giredhi ③+ - Kune huwandu hwepakati hwehutachiona hwefilamentous mumatope, uye huwandu hwakazara hushoma pane mabhakitiriya ari mujelly mass; Giredhi ④++ - Kune huwandu hukuru hwehutachiona hwefilamentous mumatope, uye huwandu hwese hunenge hwakaenzana nehutachiona mujelly mass; ⑤++ Giredhi - Iyo sludge flocs ine filamentous mabhakitiriya se skeleton, uye nhamba yebhakitiriya inodarika zvakanyanya iyo yebhakitiriya micelle.
69. Ndedzipi shanduko mune activated sludge microorganisms dzinofanira kutariswa panguva yekuongorora kwebiological phase?
Kune akawanda marudzi emamicroorganisms ari activated sludge yemaguta ekuchenesa tsvina. Zviri nyore kubata chimiro cheyakagadziriswa sludge nekuona shanduko mumhando dzehutachiona, maumbirwo, huwandu uye mafambiro ematunhu. Nekudaro, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemhando yemvura, mamwe ma microorganisms anogona kusaonekwa mune yakabatidzwa sludge yemaindasitiri emarara ekuchenesa zvidyarwa, uye panogona kunge pasina zvipfuyo zvachose. Ndokureva kuti, zvikamu zvebiological zvemaindasitiri akasiyana ekuchenesa mvura yetsvina zvidyarwa zvinosiyana zvakanyanya.
⑴ Shanduko mumhando dzehutachiona
Mhando dzema microorganisms mune sludge anozochinja nemhando yemvura uye matanho ekushanda. Munguva yekurima matope, semadhaka akabatidzwa achiita zvishoma nezvishoma, tsvina inoshanduka kubva kutsvina kuenda kuchena, uye tupukanana turi mumatope tinogara tichishanduka. Munguva yekushanda kwakajairika, shanduko mumarara emhando yemicrobial anoteverawo mimwe mitemo, uye shanduko yemamiriro ekushanda inogona kutorwa kubva mukushandurwa kwesludge microbial marudzi. Semuenzaniso, kana iyo sludge yakagadzirwa yakasununguka, pachava neakawanda ekushambira maciliates, uye kana turbidity yemvura yakanyanyisa kuipa, amoebae uye flagellates ichaonekwa muhuwandu.
⑵Shanduko mune microbial chiitiko chiitiko
Kana hutano hwemvura huchichinja, chiitiko chezvipembenene chinoshandukawo, uye kunyange chimiro che microorganisms chinoshanduka nekuchinja kwemvura yakasviba. Kutora bellworms semuenzaniso, kumhanya kwe cilia kuzununguka, huwandu hwemapupu echikafu akaunganidzwa mumuviri, saizi yemabhuru etelescopic uye mamwe maumbirwo zvese zvichachinja nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekukura. Apo okisijeni yakanyungudutswa mumvura yakanyanyisa kana kuti yakaderera, vacuole inowanzobuda kubva pamusoro webhero worm. Kana paine zvinhu zvakawandisa zvinoramba mumvura iri kuuya kana tembiricha yakadzikira, iwo clockworms anozotadza kushanda, uye zvidimbu zvekudya zvinogona kuunganidzwa mumiviri yavo, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvakonzera kufa kwezvipembenene kubva muchetura. Kana iyo pH yachinja, iyo cilia pamutumbi wewachi inomira kutenderera.
⑶ Shanduko muhuwandu hwema microorganisms
Kune akawanda marudzi ehudiki mune activated sludge, asi shanduko muhuwandu hwemamwe ma microorganisms anogona zvakare kuratidza shanduko mumhando yemvura. Semuenzaniso, mabhakitiriya ane filamentous anobatsira zvikuru kana aripo muhuwandu hwakakodzera panguva yekushanda, asi kuvapo kwavo kukuru kunozokonzera kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwejelly jelly, kuwedzera kwedhaka, uye hutsika husina kunaka hwemvura. Kubuda kwe flagellates mu-activated sludge kunoratidza kuti sludge inotanga kukura uye kubereka, asi kuwedzera kwenhamba ye flagellates inowanzova chiratidzo chekuderedza kushanda kwekurapa. Kuonekwa kwenhamba huru yemabellworms kazhinji chiratidzo chekukura kwekukura kweakagadziriswa sludge. Panguva ino, maitiro ekurapa akanaka, uye zvishoma zvishoma zve rotifers zvinogona kuonekwa panguva imwe chete. Kana huwandu hukuru hwema rotifers akaonekwa mune yakabatidzwa sludge, zvinowanzoreva kuti sludge iri kuchembera kana yakawandisa-oxidized, uye ipapo sludge inogona kuparara uye effluent mhando inogona kudzikira.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-08-2023
