13.Ndeipi dziviriro pakuyera CODCr?
CODCr kuyerwa kunoshandisa potassium dichromate seyo oxidant, sirivheri sulfate seinokonzeresa pasi peacidic mamiriro, ichifashaira uye ichidzoreredza kwemaawa maviri, yozoishandura kuita oxygen yekushandisa (GB11914–89) nekuyera kushandiswa kwe potassium dichromate. Makemikari akadai se potassium dichromate, mercury sulfate uye concentrated sulfuric acid anoshandiswa pachiyero cheCODCr, chingave chine muchetura zvakanyanya kana kupisa, uye chinoda kudziyisa uye reflux, saka kuvhiya kunofanirwa kuitwa mufume hood uye kunofanirwa kuitwa nemazvo. Mvura inorasa Inofanirwa kushandiswa zvakare uye kuraswa zvakasiyana.
Kuti ukurudzire iyo yakazara oxidation yekudzikisa zvinhu mumvura, sirivheri sulfate inoda kuwedzerwa secatalyst. Kuti uite kuti sirivha sulfate igoverwe zvakaenzana, sirivha sulfate inofanira kunyungudutswa mu concentrated sulfuric acid. Mushure mokunge yanyungudika zvachose (anenge mazuva maviri), acidification inotanga. ye sulfuric acid muErlenmeyer flask. Nzira yekuyedza yenyika inotara kuti 0.4gAg2SO4/30mLH2SO4 inofanira kuwedzerwa pachiyero chega chega cheCODCr (20mL mvura sampu), asi data rakakodzera rinoratidza kuti pamasampuli emvura, kuwedzera 0.3gAg2SO4/30mLH2SO4 yakakwana, uye hapana chikonzero chekuti. shandisa yakawanda Silver sulfate. Kune anowanzo kuyerwa mvura yetsvina samples, kana paine yakakwana yekudzora data, huwandu hwesirivheri sulfate hunogona kudzikiswa zvakakodzera.
CODCr chiratidzo chezvakagadzirwa zvemukati zviri mutsvina, saka kudyiwa kweokisijeni yekloride ion uye inorganic kuderedza zvinhu zvinofanirwa kubviswa panguva yekuyera. Nekuvhiringwa kubva kune inorganic kuderedza zvinhu zvakaita seFe2+ neS2-, iyo yakayerwa CODCr kukosha inogona kugadziriswa zvichibva pane theoretical oxygen kudiwa zvichienderana nekuyerwa kwayo. Iko kupindira kwe chloride ions Cl-1 inowanzobviswa ne mercury sulfate. Kana huwandu hwekuwedzera huri 0.4gHgSO4 pa20mL mvura yemuenzaniso, kupindira kwe2000mg / L chloride ions kunogona kubviswa. Kumasampuli emvura etsvina anowanzoyerwa ane zvikamu zvakati tsvikiti, kana chloride ion yemukati iri diki kana sampu yemvura ine yakakwira dilution factor inoshandiswa kuyerwa, huwandu hwemercury sulfate hunogona kudzikiswa zvakakodzera.
14. Chii chinonzi catalytic mechanism yesirivha sulfate?
Iyo inokonzeresa magadzirirwo esirivha sulfate ndeyekuti makomisheni ane hydroxyl mapoka mune organic zvinhu anotanga oxidized ne potassium dichromate mu carboxylic acid mune yakasimba acidic medium. Iwo mafuta acids anogadzirwa kubva kuhydroxyl organic matter anopindirana nesirivha sulfate kugadzira fatty acid sirivheri. Nekuda kwekuita kwemaatomu esirivheri, Boka recarboxyl rinogona kugadzira carbon dioxide nemvura zviri nyore, uye panguva imwe cheteyo kugadzira sirivha itsva ine fatty acid, asi kabhoni atomu yayo ishoma pane yekare. Kutenderera uku kunodzokorora, zvishoma nezvishoma oxidizing zvese organic zvinhu mucarbon dioxide nemvura.
15.Ndeipi dziviriro dzechiyero cheBOD5?
Chiyero cheBOD5 chinowanzo shandisa nzira yedilution uye inoculation (GB 7488-87). Oparesheni iyi ndeyekuisa sampu yemvura yakave isina kucheneswa, yakabviswa zvinhu zvine chepfu, uye yakanyungudutswa (ine huwandu hwakakodzera hweinoculum ine aerobic microorganisms yakawedzerwa kana zvichidikanwa). Mubhodhoro retsika, chengeta murima pa20 ° C kwemazuva mashanu. Nekuyera iyo yakanyungudika yeokisijeni mukati memienzaniso yemvura isati yasvika uye mushure metsika, iyo okisijeni inoshandiswa mukati memazuva mashanu inogona kuverengerwa, uye ipapo BOD5 inogona kuwanikwa zvichibva pane dilution factor.
Kutemerwa kweBOD5 ndiyo yakabatana mhedzisiro yebiological uye makemikari mhedzisiro uye inofanirwa kuitwa zvakanyatsoenderana nemaitiro ekushanda. Kushandura chero mamiriro ezvinhu kuchakanganisa kurongeka uye kuenzaniswa kwemigumisiro yekuyera. Mamiriro ezvinhu anokanganisa BOD5 kutsunga anosanganisira pH kukosha, tembiricha, microbial mhando uye huwandu, inorganic munyu wemukati, yakanyungudika okisijeni uye dilution factor, nezvimwe.
Sampuli dzemvura dzekuongororwa kweBOD5 dzinofanirwa kuzadzwa uye kuvharwa mumabhodhoro esampling, uye kuchengetwa mufiriji pa2 kusvika 5 ° C kusvika kuongororwa. Kazhinji, bvunzo dzinofanirwa kuitwa mukati memaawa matanhatu mushure mekutora sampling. Chero zvazvingava, nguva yekuchengetedza yemasampuli emvura haifaniri kudarika maawa makumi maviri nemana.
Paunenge uchiyera BOD5 yemvura yakasviba yeindasitiri, sezvo mvura yakaraswa yeindasitiri kazhinji ine okisijeni yakanyungudika uye ine yakawanda biodegradable organic matter, kuitira kuchengetedza aerobic mamiriro mubhodhoro retsika, sampu yemvura inofanira kuderedzwa (kana inoculated uye yakaderedzwa). Kuvhiya uku Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru cheiyo nzira yekunyungudutsa. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuvimbika kwemigumisiro yakayerwa, kushandiswa kweokisijeni yemuenzaniso wemvura yakasvibiswa mushure metsika kwemazuva mashanu inofanira kuva yakakura kudarika 2 mg / L, uye yakasara yakanyungudutswa oksijeni inofanira kuva yakakura kudarika 1 mg / L.
Chinangwa chekuwedzera mhinduro yeinoculum ndeyekuona kuti humwe huwandu hwehutachiona hunosvibisa zvisikwa mumvura. Kuwanda kweinoculum solution kunonyanya kukosha kuti kushandiswa kweokisijeni mukati memazuva mashanu kusingasviki 0.1mg/L. Paunenge uchishandisa mvura yakasvibiswa yakagadzirwa nesimbi distiller semvura yekunyungudutsa, kutarisirwa kunofanira kutorwa kutarisa simbi ion zviri mukati mayo kudzivirira kuvharidzira kubereka kwehutachiona uye metabolism. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti okisijeni yakanyungudika mumvura yakanyungudutswa iri pedyo nekuzara, mweya wakanatswa kana okisijeni yakachena inogona kuunzwa kana zvichidikanwa, uye wozoiswa mu20oC incubator kwenguva yakati kuti yekuenzanisa neokisijeni chikamu chekumanikidza mukati. mhepo.
Iyo dilution factor inotarirwa zvichienderana nemusimboti wekuti iyo okisijeni inoshandiswa yakakura kupfuura 2 mg / L uye yakasara yakanyungudika okisijeni yakakura kupfuura 1 mg / L mushure memazuva mashanu etsika. Kana iyo dilution factor yakakura kana idiki, bvunzo inokundikana. Uye nekuti iyo BOD5 yekuongorora inotenderera yakareba, kana mamiriro akafanana aitika, haigone kudzokororwa sezvairi. Kana uchitanga kuyera BOD5 yeimwe mvura yetsvina yemumaindasitiri, unogona kutanga wayera CODCr yayo, wobva watarisa kune iripo yekutarisa data yemvura yakasviba ine mhando yemvura yakafanana kuti utange kuona kukosha kweBOD5/CODCr yesampuli yemvura kuyerwa, uye kuverenga. huwandu hwehuwandu hweBOD5 hwakavakirwa pane izvi. uye sarudza iyo dilution factor.
Kune masampuli emvura ane zvinhu zvinodzivisa kana kuuraya metabolic mabasa eaerobic microorganisms, mhedzisiro yekuyera zvakananga BOD5 uchishandisa nzira dzakajairika ichatsauka kubva pakukosha chaiko. Pretreatment inowirirana inofanira kuitwa pamberi pekuyera. Izvi zvinhu uye zvinhu zvine chekuita neBOD5 kutsunga. Kusanganisira simbi dzinorema uye zvimwe zvine muchetura inorganic kana organic zvinhu, yakasara chlorine uye zvimwe oxidizing zvinhu, pH kukosha kwakanyanyisa kana kuderera, nezvimwe.
16. Sei zvakakosha kuisa jekiseni pakuyera BOD5 yemvura yakasviba yeindasitiri? Ko kubaiwa sei?
Kutsunga kweBOD5 ndeye biochemical oxygen yekushandisa maitiro. Microorganisms mumasampuli emvura anoshandisa organic zvinhu mumvura sekudya kukura nekuberekana. Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vanoodza organic zvinhu uye vanopedza okisijeni yakanyungudika mumvura. Nokudaro, sampu yemvura inofanira kunge ine humwe huwandu hwehutachiona hunogona kukanganisa organic matter mairi. kugona kwema microorganisms.
Mvura yetsvina yemumaindasitiri kazhinji ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwezvinhu zvine muchetura, izvo zvinogona kutadzisa kuita kwehutachiona. Naizvozvo, huwandu hwema microorganisms mumvura yetsvina yeindasitiri idiki kana kutovapo. Kana nzira dzakajairwa dzekuyera hutachiona hune hupfumi hwemadhorobha dzikashandiswa, iyo yechokwadi organic yemukati mumvura yetsvina inogona kusaonekwa, kana kuderera. Semuenzaniso, kune masampuli emvura akarapwa nekupisa kwakanyanya uye sterilization uye ane pH yakawandisa kana yakaderera, mukuwedzera pakutora matanho ekutanga ekurapa akadai sekutonhodza, kuderedza mabhakitiriya, kana kugadzirisa kukosha kwepH, kuitira kuti uve nechokwadi. iko kurongeka kweBOD5 kuyerwa, matanho anoshanda anofanirawo kutorwa. Vaccination.
Pakuyera BOD5 yemvura yakasviba yeindasitiri, kana zviri mukati mezvinhu zvine chepfu zvakakura, makemikari dzimwe nguva anoshandiswa kuibvisa; kana mvura yetsvina iine acidic kana alkaline, inofanira kutanga isina kusimba; uye kazhinji sampuli yemvura inofanira kuderedzwa muyero usati washandiswa. Kutsunga ne dilution nzira. Kuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hweinoculum solution ine domesticated aerobic microorganisms kumuenzaniso wemvura (senge aeration tank musanganiswa unoshandiswa kurapa rudzi urwu rwemvura yakaraswa mumaindasitiri) kuita kuti sampu yemvura ive nehumwe huwandu hwehutachiona hunokwanisa kukanganisa organic. nyaya. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ekuti mamwe mamiriro ekuyera BOD5 anosangana, aya ma microorganisms anoshandiswa kuodza organic zvinhu mumvura inoraswa mumaindasitiri, uye kushandiswa kweokisijeni yemuenzaniso wemvura kunoyerwa kwemazuva mashanu ekurima, uye kukosha kweBOD5 yemvura inoraswa mumaindasitiri inogona kuwanikwa. .
Iyo yakasanganiswa mvura yetangi yeaeration kana iyo yakasviba yechipiri sedimentation tangi yemushonga wekuchenesa tsvina ndiyo yakanaka sosi yehutachiona hwekutarisa BOD5 yemvura yetsvina inopinda mugedhi rekuchenesa tsvina. Yakananga inoculation netsvina yemumba, nekuti kune shoma kana kuti isina kunyungudika okisijeni, inotarisana nekubuda kweanaerobic microorganisms, uye inoda nguva yakareba yekurima uye acclimation. Naizvozvo, iyi acclimated inoculum mhinduro inokodzera chete kune mamwe maindasitiri emarara emvura ane zvaanoda.
17. Ndedzipi dziviriro dzekugadzirira mvura yekudiluurura pakuyera BOD5?
Hunhu hwemvura yedilution hwakakosha zvikuru kune huchokwadi hweiyo BOD5 kuyerwa kwemhedzisiro. Nokudaro, zvinotarisirwa kuti kushandiswa kweokisijeni yemvura ye dilution isina chinhu kwemazuva mashanu inofanira kunge iri pasi pe 0.2mg / L, uye zvakanakisisa kuidzora pasi pe 0.1mg / L. Iko kushandiswa kweokisijeni yemvura inoculated dilution kwemazuva mashanu inofanira kuva Pakati pe 0.3 ~ 1.0mg/L.
Kiyi yekuona kunaka kwemvura yedilution ndeye kudzora iyo yakaderera yemukati meiyo organic zvinhu uye yakaderera yemukati yezvinhu zvinotadzisa kuberekana kwehutachiona. Nokudaro, zvakanakisisa kushandisa mvura yakasvibiswa semvura yakasvibiswa. Hazvikurudzirwi kushandisa mvura yakachena yakagadzirwa kubva kuion exchange resin semvura yekunyungudutsa, nekuti mvura yakasvibiswa kazhinji Iine organic matter yakaparadzaniswa neresin. Kana iyo yepombi yemvura inoshandiswa kugadzira mvura yakasvibiswa ine zvimwe zvinoputika organic compounds, kuitira kudzivirira kuti isarambe iri mumvura yakasvibiswa, pretreatment kubvisa organic compounds inofanira kuitwa isati yanyungudutswa. Mumvura yakasvibiswa inogadzirwa kubva kune simbi distillers, kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kutarisa simbi ion zvirimo kuti usadzivise kubereka uye metabolism yema microorganisms uye kukanganisa kurongeka kweiyo BOD5 kuyerwa kwemhedzisiro.
Kana mvura yedilution yakashandiswa isingaenderane nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa nekuti ine organic matter, mhedzisiro yacho inogona kubviswa nekuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hweaeration tank inoculum nekuichengeta pakudziya kwekamuri kana 20oC kweimwe nguva yenguva. Kuwanda kweinoculation kunobva pamutemo wekuti kushandiswa kweokisijeni mumazuva mashanu ndeye 0.1mg/L. Kuti udzivise kubereka kwealgae, kuchengetedza kunofanira kuitwa muimba ine rima. Kana pane sediment mumvura yakanyungudutswa mushure mekuchengetedza, chete supernatant inogona kushandiswa uye sediment inogona kubviswa nekusefa.
Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti okisijeni yakanyungudika mumvura yekunyungudutsa iri pedyo nekuzara, kana zvichidikanwa, pombi yevacuum kana ejector yemvura inogona kushandiswa kufema mweya wakachena, micro air compressor inogona kushandiswawo kubaya mweya wakanatswa, uye okisijeni. bhodhoro rinogona kushandiswa kuunza okisijeni yakachena, uye ipapo mvura ine okisijeni Mvura yakasvibiswa inoiswa mu 20oC incubator kweimwe nguva yenguva kubvumira okisijeni yakanyungudutswa kusvika pakuenzana. Dilution mvura inoiswa panzvimbo yakaderera tembiricha munguva yechando inogona kunge iine okisijeni yakawandisa yakanyungudika, uye zvinopesana ndezvechokwadi mumwaka wekupisa kwakanyanya muzhizha. Nokudaro, kana pane musiyano mukuru pakati pekushisa kwekamuri uye 20oC, inofanira kuiswa muincubator kwenguva yakati kuti igadzikane uye tsika yemagariro. oxygen partial pressure balance.
18. Nzira yekuziva sei dilution factor pakuyera BOD5?
Kana iyo dilution factor yakakura kana idiki kwazvo, iyo okisijeni inoshandiswa mumazuva mashanu inogona kunge iri shoma kana yakawandisa, inodarika iyo yakajairika mashandisiro eokisijeni uye zvichiita kuti kuedza kukundikana. Sezvo BOD5 kuyerwa kutenderera kwakareba kwazvo, kana mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro aitika, haagone kudzokororwa sezvazviri. Naizvozvo, kutarisisa kukuru kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune kutsunga kweiyo dilution factor.
Kunyangwe kuumbwa kwemvura yetsvina yemumaindasitiri kwakaoma, chiyero cheiyo BOD5 kukosha kune CODCr kukosha kazhinji iri pakati pe0.2 ne0.8. Hyero yemvura yakaraswa kubva mukugadzira mapepa, kudhinda nekudhaya, uye maindasitiri emakemikari yakaderera, nepo reshiyo yemvura inoraswa kubva muindasitiri yezvekudya yakakwira. Pakuyera BOD5 yeimwe tsvina ine granular organic matter, senge distiller's zviyo tsvina yemvura, reshiyo ichange yakadzikira zvakanyanya nekuti iyo tunhu inonaya pazasi pebhodhoro retsika uye haigone kutora chikamu mune biochemical reaction.
Kutsunga kweiyo dilution factor inobva pamamiriro maviri ekuti pakuyera BOD5, kushandiswa kweokisijeni mumazuva e5 kunofanira kunge kwakakura kudarika 2mg / L uye yakasara yakanyungudutswa okisijeni inofanira kuva yakakura kudarika 1mg / L. Iyo DO mubhodhoro retsika pazuva rakatevera dilution ndeye 7 kusvika 8.5 mg/L. Tichifunga kuti kushandiswa kweokisijeni mumazuva mashanu ndeye 4 mg / L, iyo dilution factor ndiyo chibereko cheCODCr kukosha uye matatu coefficients e0.05, 0.1125, uye 0.175 maererano. Semuenzaniso, kana uchishandisa 250mL tsika bhodhoro kuyera BOD5 yesampuli yemvura ine CODCr ye200mg/L, matatu dilution zvinhu ndezvi: ①200×0.005=10 nguva, ②200×0.1125=22.5 nguva, uye ③200=017×1. 35 nguva. Kana iyo yakananga dilution nzira inoshandiswa, mavhoriyamu emvura samples akatorwa ndeaya: ①250÷10=25mL, ②250÷22.5≈11mL, ③250÷35≈7mL.
Kana iwe ukatora sampuli uye tsika dzakaita seizvi, pachava ne1 kusvika 2 yakayerwa yakanyungudika okisijeni mhedzisiro inoenderana nepamusoro pemisimboti miviri. Kana paine maviri dilution ratios inoenderana nemisimboti iri pamusoro, kukosha kwavo kwepakati kunofanirwa kutorwa pakuverenga zvabuda. Kana iyo yakasara yakanyungudutswa okisijeni iri pasi pe1 mg/L kana kunyange zero, chiyero che dilution chinofanira kuwedzerwa. Kana iyo yakanyungudutswa yeokisijeni inoshandiswa panguva yetsika isingasviki 2mg / L, imwe mukana ndeyekuti dilution factor yakakura kwazvo; imwe mukana ndeyekuti hutachiona hwehutachiona hahuna kufanira, husina basa, kana kuwanda kwezvinhu zvine chepfu zvakanyanya. Panguva ino, panogonawo kunge paine matambudziko ane hombe dilution zvinhu. Bhodhoro retsika rinopedza okisijeni yakanyungudika.
Kana iyo dilution mvura iri inoculation dilution mvura, sezvo kushandiswa kweokisijeni kwemuenzaniso wemvura isina chinhu iri 0.3 ~ 1.0mg/L, dilution coefficients ndeye 0.05, 0.125 uye 0.2 zvakateerana.
Kana iyo chaiyo CODCr kukosha kana fungidziro yemhando yesampuli yemvura ichizivikanwa, zvinogona kuve nyore kuongorora kukosha kwayo kweBOD5 zvichienderana nepamusoro dilution factor. Kana iyo CODCr yakawanda yemuenzaniso wemvura isingazivikanwe, kuitira kupfupisa nguva yekuongorora, inogona kufungidzirwa panguva yeCODCr yekuyera maitiro. Iyo chaiyo nzira ndeiyi: tanga gadzira mhinduro yakajairwa ine 0.4251g potassium hydrogen phthalate parita (iyo CODCr kukosha kwemhinduro iyi 500mg/L), wozoideredza zvichienderana neCODCr kukosha kwe400mg/L, 300mg/L, uye 200mg. / L, 100mg/L dilute mhinduro. Pipette 20.0 mL yemhinduro yakajairwa ine CODCr kukosha kwe100 mg/L kusvika 500 mg/L, wedzera mareagents maererano nemaitiro emazuva ese, uye kuyera kukosha kweCODCr. Mushure mekudziya, kufashaira uye kudzoreredza kwemaminetsi makumi matatu, zvitonhore zvagara kusvika pakamuri tembiricha wobva wavhara nekuchengetedza kugadzirira yakajairwa colorimetric series. Mukuita kuyera kukosha kweCODCr yesampuli yemvura maererano nenzira yakajairika, kana kufashaira kunoramba kuchienderera kwemaminitsi makumi matatu, enzanisa neyakagayiwa preheated CODCr kukosha kweruvara kutevedzana kuti ufungidzire kukosha kweCODCr yesampuli yemvura, uye uone dilution factor paunenge uchiyedza BOD5 zvichibva pane izvi. . Kudhinda nekudhaya, kugadzira mapepa, makemikari uye mamwe maindasitiri emarara emvura ane yakaoma-ku-kugaya organic zvinhu, kana zvichidikanwa, ita colorimetric evaluation mushure mekufashaidza uye refluxing kwemaminitsi makumi matanhatu.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-21-2023
