Tsanangudzo yeTurbidity

Turbidity is an optical effect inokonzerwa nekubatana kwechiedza nezvikamu zvakamiswa mumushonga, kazhinji mvura. Zvimedu zvakaturikwa, senge sediment, ivhu, algae, organic matter, uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvipenyu, zvinoparadzira mwenje uchipfuura nemumuenzaniso wemvura. Kupararira kwechiedza nezvidimbu zvakaturikwa mumushonga wemvura uyu kunoburitsa turbidity, iyo inoratidza mwero unodzivirirwa nechiedza kana ichipfuura nepakati pemvura. Turbidity haisi indekisi inotaridza zvakananga kuungana kwezvikamu zvakaturikwa mumvura. Iyo inoratidzira zvisina kunanga kusanganiswa kwezvimedu zvakamiswa kuburikidza nekutsanangurwa kwechiedza chekuparadzira mhedzisiro yezvimedu zvakamiswa mumhinduro. Kunyanya kusimba kwechiedza chakapararira, kunowedzera kusvibiswa kwemvura ine mvura .
Turbidity Determination Method
Turbidity chiratidzo chechimiro chemaziso chemuenzaniso wemvura uye chinokonzerwa nekuvapo kwezvinhu zvisinganyunguriki mumvura, izvo zvinoita kuti chiedza chipararire uye chinotora pane kupfuura nemumuenzaniso wemvura mumutsara wakatwasuka. Icho chiratidzo chinoratidza maitiro emuviri emvura yakasikwa nemvura yekunwa. Inoshandiswa kuratidza chiyero chekujeka kana turbidity yemvura, uye chimwe chezviratidzo zvakakosha zvekuyera kunaka kwemvura.
Iyo turbidity yemvura yakasikwa inokonzerwa neakanaka akarembera zvinhu zvakaita sesilt, ivhu, yakanaka organic uye inorganic matter, soluble colored organic matter, uye plankton nezvimwe tupukanana mumvura. Izvi zvakamiswa zvinhu zvinogona adsorb mabhakitiriya uye mavhairasi, saka yakaderera turbidity inobatsira mvura disinfection kuuraya mabhakitiriya uye mavhairasi, izvo zvinodiwa kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwemvura. Naizvozvo, mvura yepakati pemvura ine akakwana tekinoroji mamiriro inofanirwa kuyedza kupa mvura ine yakaderera turbidity sezvinobvira. Iyo turbidity yemvura yefekitari yakaderera, iyo inobatsira kuderedza kunhuhwirira uye kuravira kwemvura ine chlorine; inobatsira kudzivirira kubereka kwebhakitiriya uye mamwe ma microorganisms. Kuchengeta yakaderera turbidity mukati mehurongwa hwekugovera mvura kunofadza kuvepo kwehuwandu hwakakodzera hweyakasara chlorine.
Iyo turbidity yepombi yemvura inofanira kuratidzwa mune yakapararira turbidity unit NTU, iyo haifanirwe kudarika 3NTU, uye haifanirwe kudarika 5NTU mumamiriro ezvinhu akakosha. Iyo turbidity yemvura zhinji inogadziriswa yakakoshawo. Zvinwiwa zvidyarwa, zvidyarwa zvinogadzira chikafu, uye zvidyarwa zvekuchenesa mvura zvinoshandisa mvura yepamusoro zvinowanzotsamira pakubatana, kunyungudika, uye kusefa kuti ive nechigadzirwa chinogutsa.
Zvakaoma kuve nekubatana pakati pe turbidity uye kuwanda kwekusungirirwa kwezvinhu zvakamiswa, nekuti saizi, chimiro, uye refractive index yezvimedu zvinokanganisawo maitiro e optical ekumiswa. Pakuyera turbidity, zvese zvegirazi zvinosangana nemuenzaniso zvinofanirwa kuchengetwa munzvimbo dzakachena. Mushure mekuchenesa ne hydrochloric acid kana surfactant, simbura nemvura yakachena uye dhonza. Samples dzakatorwa mumidziyo yegirazi ine zvivhariso. Mushure mekuita sampling, zvimwe zvimedu zvakamiswa zvinogona kudonha uye kubatana kana zvaiswa, uye hazvigone kudzoserwa mushure mekuchembera, uye ma microorganisms anogonawo kuparadza zvinhu zvezvakaoma, saka zvinofanirwa kuyerwa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Kana kuchengetedza kuchidikanwa, kunofanira kudzivisa kusangana nemhepo, uye inofanira kuiswa muimba inotonhora yerima, asi kwete kupfuura 24h. Kana sampuli yakachengetwa munzvimbo inotonhora, dzokera kune tembiricha yekamuri usati wayera.
Parizvino, nzira dzinotevera dzinoshandiswa kuyera turbidity yemvura:
(1) Mhando yekutumira (inosanganisira spectrophotometer uye nzira yekuona): Zvinoenderana nemutemo waLambert-Beer, turbidity yesampu yemvura inotarwa nekusimba kwechiedza chinofambiswa, uye iyo yakaipa logarithm yekusagadzikana kwesampu yemvura uye mwenje. transmittance iri muchimiro Linear hukama, iyo yakakwirira iyo turbidity, iyo yakaderera iyo mwenje transmittance. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekuvhiringidzwa kweyero mumvura yechisikigo, mvura yemadziva nemadhamu inewo organic-absorbing zvinhu zvakaita sealgae, izvo zvinokanganisawo kuyerwa. Sarudza 680rim wavelength kudzivirira yero uye girinhi kukanganiswa.
(2) Kuparadzira turbidimeter: Zvinoenderana neRayleigh (Rayleigh) formula (Ir/Io = KD, h ndiko kusimba kwechiedza chakapararira, 10 ndiko kusimba kwemwaranzi yemunhu), kuyera kusimba kwechiedza chakapararira pane imwe kona kuti uwane. kugadzwa kwemasampuli emvura chinangwa che turbidity. Kana mwenje wechiitiko uchiparadzirwa nezvimedu zvine saizi ye1/15 kusvika 1/20 yewavelength yechiedza chechiitiko, kusimba kunoenderana neRayleigh formula, uye zvimedu zvine saizi yakakura kupfuura 1/2 yewavelength. chechiitiko chiedza chinoratidza chiedza. Aya mamiriro maviri anogona kumiririrwa neIr∝D, uye mwenje uri pakona ye90 madhigirii unowanzo shandiswa sechiedza chehunhu kuyera turbidity.
(3) Kuparadzira-kuparadzira turbidity mita: shandisa Ir/It = KD kana Ir/(Ir+It)=KD (Ir ndiko kusimba kwechiedza chakapararira, Ndiko kusimba kwechiedza chinopfuudzwa) kuyera kusimba kwechiedza chinopfuudzwa uye chiedza chakaratidza Uye, kuyera turbidity yemuenzaniso. Nekuda kwekuti kusimba kwechiedza chinofambiswa uye chakapararira chinoyerwa panguva imwe chete, ine hutsinye hwepamusoro pasi pechiitiko chimwechete chechiedza.
Pakati penzira nhatu dziri pamusoro apa, kuparadzira-kutapurirana turbidimeter kuri nani, nekunzwa kwakanyanya, uye chromaticity mumucherechedzo wemvura haikanganisi kuyerwa. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuoma kwechiridzwa uye mutengo wakakwirira, zvakaoma kukurudzira uye kuishandisa muG. Nzira yekuona inokonzerwa zvikuru nekuzviisa pasi. G Chokwadi, kuyerwa kwe turbidity kunonyanya kushandisa mita yekuparadzira turbidity. Kusagadzikana kwemvura kunonyanya kukonzerwa nezvimedu zvakaita sediment iri mumvura, uye kusimba kwechiedza chakapararira chakakura kudarika chiedza chakabatwa. Naizvozvo, iyo yekuparadzira turbidity mita inonyanya kunzwisiswa kupfuura kutapurirana turbidity mita. Uye nekuti iyo yekuparadzira-mhando turbidimeter inoshandisa chena mwenje semwenje sosi, kuyerwa kwemuenzaniso kuri padyo nezvokwadi, asi chromaticity inokanganisa kuyerwa.
Iyo turbidity inoyerwa neyakapararira nzira yekuyera chiedza. Zvinoenderana neiyo ISO 7027-1984 yakajairwa, iyo turbidity mita inosangana nezvinotevera zvinodiwa inogona kushandiswa:
(1) Iyo wavelength λ yechiitiko mwenje ndeye 860nm;
(2) Chiitiko spectral bandwidth △λ ishoma pane kana kuenzana ne60nm;
(3) Parallel chiitiko chiedza hachisiyane, uye chero kutarisa hakupfuuri 1.5 °;
(4) Chiyero chekona θ pakati peakisi yemaziso echiedza chechiitiko uye axis yekuona yechiedza chakapararira i90±25°.
(5) Kona yekuvhura ωθ mumvura i20°～30°.
uye yakatemerwa kuzivisa kwemhedzisiro mune formazin turbidity zvikamu
① Kana iyo turbidity iri pasi pe1 formazin yekuparadzira turbidity unit, ichokwadi kusvika 0.01 formazin yekuparadzira turbidity unit;
②Kana iyo turbidity iri 1-10 formazin yekuparadzira turbidity units, ichokwadi kune 0.1 formazin inoparadzira turbidity units;
③ Kana iyo turbidity iri 10-100 formazin yekuparadzira turbidity units, ichokwadi kune 1 formazin yekuparadzira turbidity unit;
④ Kana iyo turbidity yakakura kudarika kana yakaenzana ne100 formazin scattering turbidity units, ichave yakarurama kune gumi formazin scattering turbidity units.
1.3.1 Mvura isina turbidity inofanirwa kushandiswa pakuita dilution standards kana masamples emvura yakasanganiswa. Iyo nzira yekugadzirira yemvura isina turbidity yakaita seiyi: pfuura mvura yakasvibiswa kuburikidza ne membrane sefa ine pore saizi ye 0.2 μm (iyo sefa membrane inoshandiswa pakuongorora bhakitiriya haigone kuita zvinodiwa), simbura furasiki yekuunganidza nemvura yakasefa. kaviri, uye Rasa 200 mL inotevera. Chinangwa chekushandisa mvura yakasvibiswa ndechekuderedza kupesvedzera kweiyo organic zvinhu muion-kuchinjana mvura yakachena pane kutsunga, uye kuderedza kukura kwebhakitiriya mumvura yakachena.
1.3.2 Hydrazine sulfate uye hexamethylenetetramine inogona kuiswa mu silica gel desiccator usiku hwose isati yayera.
1.3.3 Kana tembiricha yekupindura iri muchikamu che12-37°C, hapana chinobuda pachena pachizvarwa che (formazin) turbidity, uye hapana polima inoumbwa kana tembiricha iri pasi pe5°C. Naizvozvo, gadziriro ye formazin turbidity standard stock solution inogona kuitwa pane yakajairika tembiricha yekamuri. Asi tembiricha yekupindura yakadzikira, iyo kumiswa inotorwa nyore nyore negirazi, uye tembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti kukosha kweiyo yakakwira turbidity kudonha. Naizvozvo, tembiricha yekuumbwa kwe formazin inodzorwa zvakanyanya pa25±3°C. Nguva yekuita hydrazine sulfate uye hexamethylenetetramine yakanga yava kuda kupedzwa mumaawa e16, uye turbidity yechigadzirwa yakasvika zvakanyanya mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekuita, uye pakanga pasina kusiyana pakati pe24 ne96 maawa. the
1.3.4 Pakuumbwa kweformazin, apo pH yemushonga wemvura iri 5.3-5.4, zvimedu zvine ring-shaped, yakanaka uye yunifomu; apo pH inenge 6.0, zvimedu zvakanaka uye zvakaoma mumhando yemaruva etsanga uye flocs; Kana pH iri 6.6, mahombe, epakati uye madiki-akaita semazaya echando anoumbwa.
1.3.5 Mushonga wekugadzirisa ne turbidity ye 400 degrees inogona kuchengetwa kwemwedzi mumwe (kunyange hafu yegore mufiriji), uye mhinduro yakagadzikana ine turbidity ye 5-100 degrees haizoshanduki mukati mevhiki.