Turbidity imhedzisiro yemaziso inokonzerwa nekubatana kwechiedza nezvimedu zvakamiswa mumushonga, kazhinji mumvura. Zvimedu zvakamiswa, zvakaita sedota, ivhu, algae, organic matter, nezvimwe zvipenyu, zvinoparadzira chiedza chinopfuura nemumvura. Kupararira kwechiedza nezvimedu zvakamiswa mumushonga uyu wemvura kunounza turbidity, iyo inoratidza mwero wekuti chiedza chinodziviswa sei kana chikapfuura nemumvura. Turbidity haisi indekisi yekuratidza zvakananga kuwanda kwezvimedu zvakamiswa mumushonga. Inoratidza zvisina kunanga kuwanda kwezvimedu zvakamiswa kuburikidza nekutsanangurwa kwemhedzisiro yekupararira kwezvimedu zvakamiswa mumushonga. Kana simba rechiedza chakapararira rakakura, turbidity yemvura inowedzera.
Nzira Yekuona Kushanduka Kwemhepo
Kusviba kwemvura kunoratidza hunhu hwemvura uye kunokonzerwa nekuvapo kwezvinhu zvisinganyungudike mumvura, izvo zvinoita kuti chiedza chipararire uye chinyure pane kupfuura nemumvura mumutsara wakatwasuka. Ichi chiratidzo chinoratidza hunhu hwemvura yechisikigo nemvura yekunwa. Chinoshandiswa kuratidza mwero wekujeka kana kusviba kwemvura, uye chimwe chezviratidzo zvakakosha zvekuyera kunaka kwemhando yemvura.
Kusviba kwemvura yechisikigo kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakapfava zvakasungirirwa zvakaita sevhu, ivhu, zvinhu zvidiki zveorganic uye inorganic, zvinhu zvinonyungudika zvine ruvara rweorganic, uye plankton nezvimwe tupukanana mumvura. Zvinhu izvi zvakasungirirwa zvinogona kunyudza mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi, saka kusviba kushoma kunobatsira kuti mvura iuraye mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi, izvo zvinodiwa kuti mvura irambe yakachena. Naizvozvo, mvura iri pakati pemvura ine mamiriro akakwana ehunyanzvi inofanira kuedza kupa mvura kusviba kushoma sezvinobvira. Kusviba kwemvura yefekitori kwakaderera, izvo zvinobatsira kuderedza kunhuhwirira nekunaka kwemvura ine chlorine; zvinobatsira kudzivirira kuberekana kwebhakitiriya nezvimwe tupukanana. Kuchengetedza kusviba kushoma muhurongwa hwese hwekugovera mvura kunobatsira kuvapo kwechlorine yasara yakakwana.
Kusviba kwemvura yepombi kunofanirwa kuratidzwa muNTU ine madhaka akapararira, ayo asingafaniri kudarika 3NTU, uye haafanire kudarika 5NTU mumamiriro ezvinhu akakosha. Kusviba kwemvura zhinji dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira kwakakoshawo. Zvigadzirwa zvezvinwiwa, zvivakwa zvinogadzira chikafu, uye zvivakwa zvinogadzirisa mvura zvinoshandisa mvura yepamusoro zvinowanzo vimba nekukanda, kupwanya, uye kusefa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chinogutsa.
Zvakaoma kuva nehukama pakati pekusvibiswa kwemvura uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasungirirwa, nekuti saizi, chimiro, uye refractive index yezvimedu zvinokanganisawo maitiro ekuona ekumiswa. Pakuyera kusvibiswa kwemvura, magirazi ese ari kusangana nemuenzaniso anofanira kuchengetwa munzvimbo dzakachena. Mushure mekuchenesa nehydrochloric acid kana surfactant, sukurudza nemvura yakachena wobvisa mvura. Mienzaniso yakatorwa mumabhodhoro egirazi ane zvivharo. Mushure mekutora sampuli, zvimwe zvimedu zvakasungirirwa zvinogona kudonha nekugwamba kana zvaiswa, uye hazvigone kudzorerwa mushure mekukwegura, uye tupukanana tunogonawo kuparadza hunhu hwezvinhu zvakasimba, saka zvinofanira kuyerwa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Kana kuchengetwa kuchidikanwa, kunofanira kudzivirira kusangana nemhepo, uye kunofanira kuiswa muimba ine rima inotonhora, asi kwete kupfuura maawa makumi maviri nemana. Kana muenzaniso wakachengetwa munzvimbo inotonhora, dzorera kukupisa kwekamuri usati wayera.
Parizvino, nzira dzinotevera dzinoshandiswa kuyera hunyoro hwemvura:
(1) Rudzi rwekutumira (kusanganisira spectrophotometer uye nzira yekuona): Zvinoenderana nemutemo waLambert-Beer, kusviba kwemuenzaniso wemvura kunotsanangurwa nekusimba kwechiedza chinotumirwa, uye negative logarithm yekusviba kwemuenzaniso wemvura uye kusviba kwechiedza kuri muchimiro cheLinear relationship, kusviba kwacho kwakanyanya, kusviba kwechiedza kunoderedza. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekupindira kweyero mumvura yechisikigo, mvura yemadziva nemadhamu inewo zvinhu zvinotora chiedza cheorganic zvakaita sealgae, izvo zvinokanganisawo kuyerwa. Sarudza 680rim wavelength kudzivirira kupindira kweyero negirinhi.
(2) Scattering turbidimeter: Zvichienderana nefomura yeRayleigh (Rayleigh) (Ir/Io=KD, h isimba rechiedza chakapararira, 10 isimba remwaranzi yevanhu), yerai simba rechiedza chakapararira pakona yakati kuti muwane kutsanangurwa kwechinangwa chemvura yemvura. Kana chiedza chechiitiko chakapararira nezvidimbu zvine saizi yezvikamu kubva pa1/15 kusvika 1/20 yewavelength yechiedza chechiitiko, simba racho rinoenderana nefomura yeRayleigh, uye zvikamu zvine saizi yezvikamu zvinopfuura 1/2 yewavelength yechiedza chechiitiko zvinoratidza chiedza. Aya mamiriro maviri anogona kumirirwa neIr∝D, uye chiedza chiri pakona ye90 degrees chinowanzo shandiswa sechiedza chinosiyanisa kuyera turbidity.
(3) Chiyero chemvura inopararira-inopararira: shandisa Ir/It=KD kana Ir/(Ir+It)=KD (Ir isimba rechiedza chakapararira, Isimba rechiedza chakapararira) kuyera simba rechiedza chakapararira nechiedza chakaratidzwa Uye, kuyera turbidity yemuenzaniso. Nekuti simba rechiedza chakapararira nechakapararira rinoyerwa panguva imwe chete, rine kunzwisiswa kwakanyanya pasi pesimba rechiedza chakaitika.
Pakati penzira nhatu dziri pamusoro apa, turbidimeter yekupararira-kutumira iri nani, ine kunzwisisika kwakanyanya, uye chromaticity iri mumuenzaniso wemvura haikanganisi kuyerwa. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuoma kwechishandiso uye mutengo wakakwira, zvakaoma kuisimudzira nekuishandisa muG. Nzira yekuona inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nepfungwa. G Kutaura zvazviri, kuyerwa kweturbidity kunonyanya kushandisa scattering turbidity meter. Turbidity yemvura inonyanya kukonzerwa nezvidimbu zvakaita sedhaka mumvura, uye simba rechiedza chakapararira rakakura kupfuura rechiedza chakanyudzwa. Naizvozvo, scattering turbidity meter inonyanya kunzwisisika kupfuura scattering turbidity meter. Uye nekuti scattering-type turbidity turbidity turbidity meter inoshandisa chiedza chichena senzvimbo yechiedza, kuyerwa kwemuenzaniso kuri pedyo nechokwadi, asi chromaticity inokanganisa kuyerwa.
Kusviba kunoyerwa nenzira yekuyera chiedza chakapararira. Zvichienderana neISO 7027-1984 standard, mita yekusviba inosangana nezvinodiwa zvinotevera inogona kushandiswa:
(1) Hurefu hwemafungu echiedza chechiitiko (λ) i860nm;
(2) Bandwidth yespectral incidental △λ isingasviki kana kuti yakaenzana ne60nm;
(3) Chiedza chechiitiko chakafanana hachisiyani, uye chero chinhu chakatarisana hachipfuure 1.5°;
(4) Kona yekuyera θ pakati pe optical axis yechiedza chechiitiko ne optical axis yechiedza chakapararira i90±25°
(5) Kona yekuvhura ωθ mumvura ndeye 20°～30°.
uye kushuma kwakarairwa kwemhedzisiro mumayuniti eFormazin turbidity
① Kana turbidity iri pasi pe1 formazin scattering turbidity unit, inenge yakarurama pa0.01 formazin scattering turbidity unit;
②Kana turbidity iri 1-10 formazin scattering turbidity units, inenge yakarurama kune 0.1 formazin scattering turbidity units;
③ Kana turbidity iri 10-100 formazin scattering turbidity units, inenge yakarurama kune imwe formazin scattering turbidity unit;
④ Kana turbidity yakakura kupfuura kana kuti yakaenzana ne100 formazin scattering turbidity units, inofanira kunge yakarurama kune gumi formazin scattering turbidity units.
1.3.1 Mvura isina matope inofanira kushandiswa pakuenzanisa mvura kana kuti sampuli dzemvura dzakasanganiswa. Nzira yekugadzira mvura isina matope ndeiyi inotevera: pfuudza mvura yakasanganiswa ne membrane filter ine saizi ye 0.2 μm ( membrane ye filter inoshandiswa pakuongorora mabhakitiriya haigone kusangana nezvinodiwa), sukurudza flask kuti iunganidzwe nemvura yakasefa kanenge kaviri, uye rasa 200 mL inotevera. Chinangwa chekushandisa mvura yakasanganiswa ndechekuderedza simba rezvinhu zvipenyu mumvura yakachena inochinjana ne ion pakutsvaga, uye kuderedza kukura kwebhakitiriya mumvura yakachena.
1.3.2 Hydrazine sulfate nehexamethylenetetramine zvinogona kuiswa mu silica gel desiccator husiku hwese usati wayera.
1.3.3 Kana tembiricha ye reaction iri pakati pe12-37°C, hapana mhedzisiro yakajeka pakugadzirwa kwe (formazin) turbidity, uye hapana polymer inoumbwa kana tembiricha iri pasi pe5°C. Nokudaro, kugadzirira formazin turbidity standard stock solution kunogona kuitwa patembiricha yemukamuri yakajairika. Asi tembiricha ye reaction yakaderera, suspension inonyudzwa zviri nyore negirazi, uye tembiricha yakanyanya, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kukosha kwe turbidity yakakwira kudzikira. Nokudaro, tembiricha yekuumbwa kwe formazin inodzorwa zviri nani pa25±3°C. Nguva ye reaction ye hydrazine sulfate ne hexamethylenetetramine yakapera mumaawa gumi nematanhatu, uye turbidity yechigadzirwa yakasvika pakakwirira mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana e reaction, uye pakanga pasina mutsauko pakati pemaawa makumi maviri nemana negumi nematanhatu.
1.3.4 Pakuumbwa kweformazin, kana pH yemvura iri 5.3-5.4, zvidimbu zvacho zvinenge zvakaita sedenderedzwa, zvakatsetseka uye zvakafanana; kana pH iri 6.0, zvidimbu zvacho zvinenge zvakatsetseka uye zvakakora muchimiro chemaruva ereed nemaflocs; Kana pH iri 6.6, zvidimbu zvakakura, zvepakati nezvidiki zvakafanana nechando zvinoumbwa.
1.3.5 Mushonga wakajairika une hutsi hwemadhigirii 400 unogona kuchengetwa kwemwedzi mumwe chete (kunyangwe hafu yegore mufiriji), uye mushonga wakajairika une hutsi hwemadhigirii 5-100 hauzochinje mukati mevhiki.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-19-2023
