56.Ndedzipi nzira dzekuyera peturu?
Petroleum musanganiswa wakaoma unoumbwa nealkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons uye mashoma esarufa uye nitrogen oxides.Mumamiriro emhando yemvura, petroleum inotsanangurwa sechiratidzo che toxicological uye chiratidzo chekunzwa kwevanhu kuchengetedza hupenyu hwemumvura, nekuti zvinhu zvepetroleum zvine simba guru pahupenyu hwemvura.Kana zviri mupetroleum mumvura zviri pakati pe 0.01 ne 0.1mg/L, zvinokanganisa kudya uye kuberekana kwezvipenyu zvemumvura.Naizvozvo, mwero wemhando yemvura yehove yenyika yangu haifanire kudarika 0.05 mg/L, mwero wemvura yekudiridza pakurima haifanire kudarika 5.0 mg/L, uye chiyero chechipiri chekurasa tsvina hachifanire kudarika 10 mg/L.Kazhinji, petroleum yemukati yetsvina inopinda mutangi reaeration haigone kudarika 50mg/L.
Nekuda kwekuumbwa kwakaomarara uye kusiyanisa zvakanyanya zvimiro zvepetroleum, pamwe nekupikiswa munzira dzekuongorora, zvakaoma kumisa chiyero chakabatana chinoshanda kune akasiyana zvikamu.Kana mafuta ari mumvura ari> 10 mg/L, nzira yegiravimetric inogona kushandiswa pakusarudza.Izvo zvisingabatsiri ndezvokuti kushanda kwakaoma uye mafuta akareruka anorasika nyore nyore apo petroleum ether inoputika uye yakaomeswa.Kana mafuta ari mumvura ari 0.05 ~ 10 mg/L, non-dispersive infrared photometry, infrared spectrophotometry uye ultraviolet spectrophotometry inogona kushandiswa kuyerwa.Non-dispersive infrared photometry uye infrared photometry ndiwo mazinga enyika ekuedzwa kwepetroleum.(GB/T16488-1996).UV spectrophotometry inonyanya kushandiswa kuongorora inonhuhwirira uye ine chepfu inonhuhwirira hydrocarbons.Zvinoreva zvinhu zvinogona kutorwa nepetroleum ether uye zvine maitiro ekunyudza pane chaiwo wavelengths.Iyo haisanganisi marudzi ese epetroleum.
57. Ndedzipi dziviriro pakuyera kwepetroleum?
Iyo yekubvisa iyo inoshandiswa ne dispersive infrared photometry uye infrared photometry icarbon tetrachloride kana trichlorotrifluoroethane, uye iyo yekubvisa inoshandiswa ne gravimetric nzira uye ultraviolet spectrophotometry i petroleum ether.Aya ekubvisa maajenti ane muchetura uye anofanirwa kubatwa nekuchenjerera uye mune fume hood.
Mafuta akajairwa anofanira kunge ari petroleum ether kana kabhoni tetrachloride inotorwa kubva mutsvina kuti itariswe.Dzimwe nguva zvimwe zvinozivikanwa zvakajairwa zvigadzirwa zvemafuta zvinogona zvakare kushandiswa, kana n-hexadecane, isooctane uye benzene inogona kushandiswa zvinoenderana nereshiyo ye65:25:10.Yakagadzirwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu.Iyo petroleum ether inoshandiswa kuburitsa oiri yakajairwa, kudhirowa macurves emafuta akajairwa uye kuyeresa masampu emvura yetsvina inofanira kubva kunhamba imwe chete yebatch, zvikasadaro kukanganisa kwakarongeka kuchaitika nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana dzisina chinhu.
Kusiyanisa sampling kunodiwa pakuyera mafuta.Kazhinji, bhodhoro regirazi remuromo rakafara rinoshandiswa kune sampling bhodhoro.Mabhodhoro epurasitiki haafanire kushandiswa, uye sampu yemvura haigone kuzadza bhodhoro resampling, uye panofanira kunge paine gap pairi.Kana sampu yemvura isingakwanisi kuongororwa pazuva rimwe chete, hydrochloric acid kana sulfuric acid inogona kuwedzerwa kuita pH kukosha.<2 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and stored in a 4oc refrigerator. piston on separatory funnel cannot be coated with oily grease such as vaseline.
58. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvemhando yemvura yesimbi inorema uye inorganic isiri-simbi ine chepfu uye inokuvadza zvinhu?
Masimbi anorema akajairika uye inorganic isiri-simbi ine chepfu uye inokuvadza zvinhu zviri mumvura zvakanyanya zvinosanganisira mecury, cadmium, chromium, lead uye sulfide, cyanide, fluoride, arsenic, selenium, etc. Izvi zviratidzo zvemhando yemvura zvine muchetura kuti uve nechokwadi chehutano hwevanhu kana kuchengetedza hupenyu hwemumvura. .zviratidzo zvemuviri.Iyo National Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996) ine mirau yakasimba pamararamiro ekuburitsa mvura yetsvina ine zvinhu izvi.
Kune zvidyarwa zvekuchenesa tsvina ine mvura inouya ine zvinhu izvi, zviri mukati meiyi huturu uye inokuvadza zvinhu mumvura iri kuuya uye effluent yechipiri sedimentation tank inofanira kunyatsoongororwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti miitiro yekuburitsa inosangana.Kana zvangoonekwa kuti mvura iri kuuya kana kuti tsvina inodarika mwero, matanho anofanirwa kutorwa nekukasira kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti tsvina inosvika pachiyero nekukurumidza nekusimbisa pretreatment uye kugadzirisa maparameter ekushandiswa kwetsvina.Muchinyakare chechipiri chekuchenesa tsvina, sulfide uye cyanide ndiwo maviri anonyanya kuzivikanwa emhando yemvura zviratidzo zveinorganic isiri-simbi ine chepfu uye inokuvadza zvinhu.
59.Marudzi mangani e sulfide ari mumvura?
Mhando huru dzesarufa dziri mumvura sulfates, sulfides uye organic sulfides.Pakati pavo, sulfide ine mafomu matatu: H2S, HS- uye S2-.Huwandu hwefomu yega yega hunoenderana nehuwandu hwepH hwemvura.Pasi pemamiriro eacidic Kana iyo pH yakakwira kupfuura 8, inonyanya kuvepo muchimiro cheH2S.Kana iyo pH yakakosha kupfuura 8, inonyanya kuvepo muchimiro cheHS- uye S2-.Kuonekwa kwe sulfide mumvura kunowanzoratidza kuti yakasvibiswa.Mvura yetsvina inoburitswa kubva kune mamwe maindasitiri, kunyanya petroleum refining, kazhinji ine imwe sulfide.Pasi pekuita kweanaerobic mabhakitiriya, sulfate mumvura inogonawo kuderedzwa kuva sulfide.
Iyo sulfide yemukati yetsvina kubva munzvimbo dzakakodzera dzemaseji ekuchenesa system inofanirwa kunyatsoongororwa kudzivirira hydrogen sulfide chepfu.Kunyanya yeinopinza uye yekubuda mvura ye stripping desulfurization unit, iyo sulfide yemukati inotaridza mhedzisiro yeiyo stripping unit uye chiratidzo chekudzora.Kuti udzivise sulfide yakawandisa mumitumbi yemvura yakasikwa, mwero wepasi rose wekuyerera wetsvina unotara kuti sulfide yemukati haifanire kudarika 1.0mg/L.Paunenge uchishandisa aerobic secondary biological treatment yetsvina, kana iyo sulfide concentration mumvura inouya iri pasi pe20mg/L, iyo inoshanda Kana sludge ichiita zvakanaka uye sludge yakasara ichibudiswa munguva, iyo sulfide content mumvura yechipiri sedimentation tank mvura inogona. kusvika pachiyero.Iyo sulfide yemukati memvura inoyerera kubva kune yechipiri sedimentation tank inofanirwa kutariswa nguva nenguva kuti ione kana iyo tsvina inosangana nezviyero uye kuona magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa maparamita ekushanda.
60. Inzira ngani dzinowanzoshandiswa kuona sulfide iri mumvura?
Nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa kuona sulfide zviri mumvura dzinosanganisira methylene blue spectrophotometry, p-amino N, N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry, iodometric method, ion electrode method, etc. Pakati pavo, nzira yenyika yose ye sulfide determination ndiyo methylene blue spectrophotometry.Photometry (GB/T16489-1996) uye yakananga ruvara spectrophotometry (GB/T17133-1997).Miganho yekuona yenzira mbiri idzi ndeye 0.005mg/L uye 0.004mg/l zvichiteerana.Kana sampu yemvura isina kucheneswa, Muchiitiko ichi, iyo yakanyanya kutariswa yekuona ndeye 0.7mg/L uye 25mg/L zvichiteerana.Sulfid concentration range yakayerwa nep-amino N,N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry (CJ/T60–1999) ndeye 0.05~0.8mg/L.Naizvozvo, iyo iri pamusoro spectrophotometry nzira inokodzera chete kuona yakaderera sulfide yemukati.Mvura.Kana kusanganiswa kwe sulfide mumvura yakasvibiswa kwakakwirira, iodometric nzira (HJ / T60-2000 uye CJ / T60-1999) inogona kushandiswa.Iyo yekuona yekusangana kweiyo iodometric nzira ndeye 1 ~ 200mg/L.
Kana sampu yemvura iine turbid, colored, kana ine zvinoderedza zvinhu zvakaita seSO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, uye thioethers, zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kuyerwa uye zvinoda kufanopatsanurwa kubvisa kupindira.Iyo inowanzoshandiswa pre-separation nzira ndeye acidification-stripping-absorption.Mutemo.Chirevo ndechekuti mushure mekunge sampu yemvura yaitwa acidified, iyo sulfide inowanikwa muH2S molecular state mune acidic solution, uye inopeperetswa kunze negasi, yobva yatorwa nemvura inonyura, yobva yapimwa.
Iyo chaiyo nzira ndeyekutanga kuwedzera EDTA kumuenzaniso wemvura kune yakaoma uye kudzikamisa ion yakawanda yesimbi (yakadai seCu2 +, Hg2 +, Ag +, Fe3 +) kudzivisa kupindira kunokonzerwa nekuita pakati peioni idzi dzesimbi uye sulfide ions;wedzerawo huwandu hwakakodzera hwehydroxylamine hydrochloride, iyo inogona Zvinobudirira kudzivirira oxidation-kuderedza maitiro pakati pe oxidizing zvinhu uye sulfides mumvura samples.Pakuridza H2S kubva mumvura, mwero wekudzoreredza wakakwira zvakanyanya nekukuchidzira pane pasina kubvongodza.Iyo yekudzoreredza mwero we sulfide inogona kusvika 100% pasi pekukurudzira kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu.Kana nguva yekubvisa pasi pekukurudzira inopfuura maminitsi makumi maviri, chiyero chekudzorera chinoderera zvishoma.Nokudaro, kubvisa kunowanzoitwa pasi pekukurudzira uye nguva yekubvisa imaminitsi makumi maviri.Kana tembiricha yekugeza yemvura iri 35-55oC, iyo sulfide yekudzoreredza mwero inogona kusvika 100%.Kana tembiricha yekugezesa mvura iri pamusoro pe65oC, chiyero chekudzoreredza sulfide chinodzikira zvishoma.Naizvozvo, tembiricha yekugeza yemvura yakakwana inowanzosarudzwa kuve 35 kusvika 55oC.
61. Ndedzipi dzimwe dziviriro pakutsunga sulfide?
⑴ Nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwe sulfide mumvura, kana uchiunganidza sampuli dzemvura, sampling point haigone kuvharwa kana kumutswa nechisimba.Mushure mekuunganidza, zinc acetate solution inofanira kuwedzerwa munguva kuti iite zinc sulfide suspension.Kana sampu yemvura iine acidic, alkaline solution inofanira kuwedzerwa kudzivirira kuburitswa kwehydrogen sulfide.Kana sampu yemvura yazara, bhodhoro rinofanirwa kukochekerwa rotumirwa kurabhoritari kunoongororwa nekukasika.
⑵ Hazvinei kuti ndeipi nzira inoshandiswa pakuongorora, masampuli emvura anofanirwa kugadzirwa kuti abvise kuvhiringwa uye kugadzirisa mazinga ekuonekwa.Kuvapo kwemavara, zvakamiswa zvakaonda, SO32-, S2O32-, mercaptans, thioethers uye zvimwe zvinoderedza zvinhu zvinokanganisa mhedzisiro yekuongorora.Nzira dzekubvisa kukanganiswa kwezvinhu izvi zvinogona kushandisa kupatsanurwa kwemvura, kupatsanurwa kwemhepo, kupatsanurwa kweion, nezvimwe.
⑶ Mvura inoshandiswa kunyungudutsa uye kugadzirira reagent mhinduro haigone kuve neheavy metal ions seCu2 + uye Hg2 +, zvikasadaro mhinduro yekuongorora ichave yakaderera nekuda kwechizvarwa cheasidhi-insoluble sulfides.Nokudaro, usashandise mvura yakasvibiswa inowanikwa kubva kune simbi distillers.Zvakanakisisa kushandisa mvura yakasvibiswa.Kana kuti distilled mvura kubva girazi rose.
⑷ Saizvozvo, kuteedzera masimbi anorema ari mu zinc acetate absorption mhinduro inozokanganisawo mibairo yekuyera.Iwe unogona kuwedzera 1mL yeichangobva kugadzirirwa 0.05mol/L sodium sulfide solution inodonha kusvika ku1L ye zinc acetate absorption solution pasi pekudengenyeka kwakakwana, uye rega igare husiku hwose., wobva watenderedza nekuzunza, wozosefa nefine-textured quantitative filter paper, worasa filtrate.Izvi zvinogona kubvisa kukanganiswa kwekutsvaga simbi inorema mumhinduro yekunyudza.
⑸Sodium sulfide yakajairika mhinduro haina kugadzikana zvakanyanya.Iyo yakaderera iyo concentration, zviri nyore kuchinja.Inofanira kugadzirirwa uye kuenzaniswa nokukurumidza isati yashandiswa.Pamusoro peiyo sodium sulfide crystal inoshandiswa kugadzira yakajairwa mhinduro kazhinji ine sulfite, iyo inokonzera kukanganisa.Zvakanakisisa kushandisa makristasi makuru uye nekukurumidza kuasuka nemvura kuti abvise sulfite asati ayera.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-04-2023
