51. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza chepfu uye inokuvadza organic zvinhu mumvura?
Kunze kwehuwandu hushoma hwehupfu uye hunokuvadza organic komisheni musuweji yakajairika (senge volatile phenols, nezvimwewo), mazhinji acho akaoma ku biodegrade uye anokuvadza zvakanyanya kumuviri wemunhu, senge petroleum, anionic surfactants (LAS), organic Chlorine uye organophosphorus mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic inonhuwira hydrocarbons (PAHs), yakakwirira-molecular synthetic polymers (senge mapurasitiki, synthetic rabha, artificial fibers, nezvimwewo), mafuta uye zvimwe organic zvinhu.
Iyo yenyika yakazara discharge standard GB 8978-1996 ine mirairo yakasimba pamusoro pekuiswa kwetsvina ine pamusoro pechepfu uye inokuvadza organic zvinhu zvinoburitswa nemaindasitiri akasiyana.Zviratidzo zvemhando yemvura zvakananga zvinosanganisira benzo(a)pyrene, petroleum, volatile phenols, uye organophosphorus mishonga yezvipembenene (yakaverengerwa muP ), tetrachloromethane, tetrachlorethylene, benzene, toluene, m-cresol nezvimwe zvinhu makumi matatu nematanhatu.Maindasitiri akasiyana ane zviratidzi zvakasiyana zvekuburitsa mvura yetsvina zvinoda kudzorwa.Kana zviratidzo zvehutano hwemvura zvinosangana nemitemo yenyika inofanira kuongororwa zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwemvura yakasviba inobudiswa neindasitiri yega yega.
52.Mangani emhando dzephenolic compounds dziri mumvura?
Phenol ihydroxyl inotorwa kubva kubenzene, ine hydroxyl boka rayo rakanangana nering yebenzene.Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwemapoka ehydroxyl ari pabenzene ring, inogona kupatsanurwa kuita unitary phenols (senge phenol) uye polyphenols.Zvinoenderana nekuti inogona kuvhuvhuta nemhute yemvura, inokamurwa kuita inoputika phenol uye isiri-volatile phenol.Nokudaro, phenols haingorevi phenol chete, asi inosanganisirawo zita guru re phenolates rinotsiviwa nehydroxyl, halogen, nitro, carboxyl, nezvimwewo mu ortho, meta uye para nzvimbo.
Phenolic compounds zvinoreva benzene uye zvakasanganiswa-ring hydroxyl zvinobva.Kune mhando dzakawanda.Zvinowanzoonekwa kuti avo vane nzvimbo yekuvira iri pasi pe 230oC vari volatile phenols, nepo avo vane nzvimbo yekuvira pamusoro pe230oC isiri-volatile phenols.Volatile phenols mumhando yemhando yemvura inoreva phenolic makomisheni anogona kunyungudika pamwe chete nemhute yemvura panguva yekunyungudika.
53.Ndedzipi nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa pakuyera mhepo inopisa?
Sezvo volatile phenols iri rudzi rwemusanganiswa pane imwe chete, kunyange kana phenol inoshandiswa seyero, zvigumisiro zvichave zvakasiyana kana nzira dzakasiyana dzekuongorora dzakashandiswa.Kuti mhedzisiro ienzane, nzira yakabatana yakatsanangurwa nenyika inofanirwa kushandiswa.Nzira dzekuyera dzinowanzo shandiswa dze volatile phenol ndeye 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry inotsanangurwa muGB 7490-87 uye huwandu hwebromination hunotsanangurwa muGB 7491-87.Mutemo.
4-Aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric nzira ine zvishoma zvinokanganisa zvinhu uye yakakwirira senitivity, uye yakakodzera kuyera yakachena mvura samples ine volatile phenol content.<5mg>Iyo bromination volumetric nzira iri nyore uye iri nyore kushanda, uye inokodzera kuona huwandu hwemhepo inoputika mumaindasitiri emarara emvura> 10 mg / L kana effluent kubva mumaindasitiri emarara ekuchenesa zvirimwa.Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti mumhinduro ine yakawandisa bromine, phenol uye bromine inoburitsa tribromophenol, uyezve inoburitsa bromotribromophenol.Iyo bromine yakasara inobva yasangana ne potassium iodide kuburitsa ayodhine yemahara, ukuwo bromotribromophenol inopindirana ne potassium iodide kuita tribromophenol uye iodine yemahara.Iyo iodine yemahara inozoiswa titrated ne sodium thiosulfate mhinduro, uye inoputika phenol yemukati maererano ne phenol inogona kuverengerwa zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwayo.
54. Ndedzipi dziviriro dzekuyera kuvhurika phenol?
Sezvo okisijeni yakanyungudutswa uye mamwe maoxidants uye microorganisms zvinogona oxidize kana kuparadza phenolic compounds, zvichiita kuti phenolic compounds mumvura iwedzere kusagadzikana, nzira yekuwedzera acid (H3PO4) uye kuderedza kutonhora kunowanzoshandiswa kudzivisa chiito che microorganisms, uye yakakwana. huwandu hwe sulfuric acid inowedzerwa.Iyo nzira yeferrous inobvisa mhedzisiro yeoxidants.Kunyangwe matanho ari pamusoro akatorwa, masampu emvura anofanirwa kuongororwa nekuongororwa mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana, uye masampuri emvura anofanirwa kuchengetwa mumabhodhoro egirazi kwete midziyo yepurasitiki.
Pasinei neiyo bromination volumetric nzira kana 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric nzira, kana sampu yemvura ine oxidizing kana kuderedza zvinhu, simbi ions, anonhuwirira amines, oiri uye tara, zvichingodaro, ichave nemhedzisiro pakuyera kwechiyero.kupindira, matanho anodiwa anofanira kutorwa kuti abvise migumisiro yaro.Semuenzaniso, oxidants inogona kubviswa nekuwedzera ferrous sulfate kana sodium arsenite, sulfides inogona kubviswa nekuwedzera mhangura sulfate pasi pemamiriro ane acidic, mafuta uye tar zvinogona kubviswa nekubvisa uye kupatsanurwa ne organic solvents pasi pemamiriro ane alkaline yakasimba.Zvinhu zvinoderedza zvakadai se sulfate uye formaldehyde zvinobviswa nekuzvibvisa ne organic solvents pasi pe acidic mamiriro uye kusiya zvinhu zvinoderedza mumvura.Paunenge uchiongorora tsvina yetsvina neyakagadziriswa chikamu, mushure mekuunganidza imwe nguva yechiitiko, mhando dzezvinhu zvinokanganisa dzinogona kujekeswa, uye ipapo mhando dzezvinhu zvinokanganisa dzinogona kubviswa nekuwedzera kana kuderera, uye matanho ekuongorora anogona kurerutswa zvakanyanya. sezvinobvira.
Distillation operation inhanho inokosha mukutsunga kwemhepo inopisa phenol.Kuti ibudise zvachose iyo inoputika phenol, iyo pH kukosha kweiyo sampuli inofanira kunyungudutswa inofanira kugadziridzwa kusvika ku4 (iyo discoloration range yemethyl orange).Mukuwedzera, sezvo kusvibiswa kwemhepo ye phenol inoputika zvishoma nezvishoma, vhoriyamu ye distillate yakaunganidzwa inofanira kuenzana nehuwandu hwemuenzaniso wepakutanga unofanirwa kunyungudutswa, kana zvisina kudaro migumisiro yekuyera ichakanganiswa.Kana iyo distillate ikawanikwa ichena uye yakasvibiswa, inofanira kubudiswa zvakare pasi pemamiriro e acidic.Kana iyo distillate ichiri chena uye turbid kechipiri, zvinogona kunge paine mafuta uye tara mumvura sampu, uye inoenderana kurapwa kunofanira kuitwa.
Huwandu hwese hwakayerwa pachishandiswa nzira yebromination volumetric inoenderana nekukosha, uye mamiriro ekushanda anotsanangurwa nemitemo yenyika anofanirwa kuteedzerwa zvakanyanya, kusanganisira huwandu hwemvura yakawedzerwa, reaction tembiricha uye nguva, nezvimwe. Mukuwedzera, tribromophenol precipitates nyore encapsulate I2, saka inofanira kuzununguswa zvine simba kana yasvika painoti titration.
55. Ndedzipi dziviriro dzekushandisa 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry kuti ione volatile phenols?
Paunenge uchishandisa 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) spectrophotometry, maoparesheni ese anofanirwa kuitwa mufume hood, uye mechanical suction yefume hood inofanira kushandiswa kubvisa zvakaipa zvinokonzerwa nechepfu benzene pamushandisi..
Kuwedzera kweiyo reagent blank kukosha kunonyanya kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvakaita sekusvibiswa mumvura yakasvibiswa, glassware uye zvimwe zvigadziriso zvekuedza, pamwe nekuputika kweiyo inonyungudutsa yekubvisa nekuda kwekukwira kwekushisa kwekamuri, uye inonyanya kukonzerwa ne4-AAP reagent. , iyo inotarirwa nekunyorovesa hunyoro, keke uye oxidation., saka matanho anodiwa anofanirwa kutorwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuchena kwe4-AAP.Iko kukura kwemavara ekuita kunokanganiswa nyore ne pH kukosha, uye iyo pH kukosha kwemhinduro mhinduro inofanira kunyatsodzorwa pakati pe9.8 ne10.2.
Iyo dilute standard solution ye phenol haina kugadzikana.Mhinduro yakajairwa ine 1 mg phenol per ml inofanira kuiswa mufiriji uye haigone kushandiswa kwemazuva anopfuura makumi matatu.Iyo yakajairwa mhinduro ine 10 μg phenol per ml inofanira kushandiswa pazuva rekugadzirira.Iyo yakajairwa mhinduro ine 1 μg phenol per ml inofanira kushandiswa mushure mekugadzirira.Shandisa mukati maawa maviri.
Iva nechokwadi chekuwedzera reagents kuitira maererano nemaitiro ekushanda, uye zunza zvakanaka mushure mekuwedzera reagent yega yega.Kana iyo buffer ikasazununguswa zvakaenzana mushure mekuwedzera, iyo ammonia yekumisikidza muyedzo mhinduro ichave isina kuenzana, izvo zvinokanganisa maitiro.Ammonia isina kuchena inogona kuwedzera kukosha kusina chinhu nekanopfuura ka10.Kana iyo ammonia isingashandisi kwenguva yakareba mushure mekuvhura bhodhoro, inofanira kunyungudutswa isati yashandiswa.
Iyo yakagadzirwa aminoantipyrine dhayi dzvuku inongogadzikana kweanenge maminetsi makumi matatu mumushonga wemvura, uye inogona kugadzikana kwemaawa mana mushure mekutorwa muchloroform.Kana nguva yacho yanyanya kureba, ruvara ruchachinja kubva kune rutsvuku kuenda kune yero.Kana iyo blank color yakanyanya kusviba nekuda kwekusachena kwe4-aminoantipyrine, iyo 490nm wavelength kuyerwa inogona kushandiswa kunatsiridza kuyerwa kwechiyero.4-Kana iyo aminoantibi isina kuchena, inogona kunyungudutswa mumethanol, yobva yapepetwa uye yodzokororwa neyakagadzirwa kabhoni kuti inatse.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-23-2023
